Janar Gowon (Nigeria)

Janar Yakubu Gowon, GFRR

Janar Yakubu Gown (GCFR)

Gabatarwa

Yakubu Gowon, Angas (Ngas) ne shi a ƙabila, mabiyin addinin Kirista wanda mahaifansa biyu suka taso daga garin Lur zuwa garin Wusasan cikin birnin Zariya domin yaɗa addinin Kiristanci. Saboda haka Yakubu Gowon haifaffen garin Lur ne sannan kuma tashi da girman Birnin Zazzau. Shi ne shugaban ƙasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da aka taɓa yi a Nijeriya sannan kuma shugaba mafi daɗewa a kan kujerar mulki wanda ya shugabanci Nijeriya tsawon shekaru tara cur a jere (July 1966 zuwa July 1975), tun daga ranar da aka raɗa mata suna a shekarar 1914 har zuwa yau ɗin nan (2019); tsawon shekaru ɗari da biyar (1914 – 2019), ba a samu shugaban da ya yi shekaru tara cur a jere ba sai shi ɗaya rak.

Mutum ne shi mai haƙuri, gaskiya da kuma riƙon amana sannan kuma jajirtacce a kan duk lamarin da ya saka a gaba. Janar Gowon, mutum ne mai gudun duniya, wanda Alhaji Tanko Yakasai (2004), ya ruwaito cewa Janar Gowon har ya sauka daga kan kujera mafi girma a Tarayyar Nijeriya bai mallaki gida nasa na kansa ba. Sannan kuma Farfesa kuma Emeritus a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa, Elaigwu (1986), ya siffanta shi da cewa cikakken shugaba ne shi abin koyi, mai cike da sauƙin kai tare kuma da tsayuwa ƙyam a kan aikinsa, mai hanƙoron ganin ya ciyar da ƙasarsa da al’ummarsa gaba, mai hangen nesa har ya misalta shi a matsayin Abraham Lincoln ɗin Nijeriya.

Yakubu Gowon Janar ne shi a aikin soja, aikin da ya ɗauki shekaru 21 (1954 zuwa 1975) yana yi, sannan kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin boko. Mayaƙi a filin daga sannan kuma mai bayar da karatu a jami’a.

Wannan rubutun zai ɗan yi ƙarin haske gwargwadon abin da ya samu game da wannan bawan Allah wanda ya canja fasalin Nijeriya daga ƙasa mai yankuna huɗu zuwa ƙasa mai jahohi goma sha biyu.

Haihuwarsa

An haifi Yakubu Gowon a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1934 (Encarta, 2009; Britannica, 2010; Wikipedia, 2018; Eleigwu, 2009) a garin Lur da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Kanke ta Jahar Plateau a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Nijeriya. Sannan kuma ya girma a Zariya tare kuma da yin karatu a garin na Zariya.

Sunan mahaifinsa Nde Yohanna wanda yake fitaccen mai wa’azin Kiristanci ne wanda aikin wa’azin mishan ya ƙauratar da shi daga Lur zuwa Wusasa ta cikin garin Zariya da ke Jahar Kaduna a Nijeriya. Sunan mahaifiyarsa kuma, Matwok Kurnyang.

Karatunsa

Elimantare zuwa Midil: Yakubu Gowon, ya yi karatunsa na elimantare zuwa Midil a garin Zariya.
1954 – 1955: Makarantar Horon Soja. Ya shiga makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Nijeriya daga shekarar 1954 zuwa 1955 in da ya fita da muƙamin sakan-laftanar (Second Lieutenant).
1955 – 1956: Ya samu halartar makarantar horon aikin soja mai suna Royal Military Academy wadda take Sandhurst, United Kingdom domin faɗaɗa ƙwarewa a kan aikinsa.
1962: Ya sake halartar wani horon a fannin soja a makarantar Staff College Camberley, united Kingdom.
1965: Joint Staff College, latimer (Wikipedia, 2016). Udeze (2018) kuma ya ce sunan makarantar Joint Service Defence College kuma ya ce a ƙasar Ingila take.
1975 – 1983: Jami’ar Warwick da ke Ingila inda ya yi karatu a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa har zuwa matakin digiri na uku (PhD in Political Science).
Jami’ar Jos: Daga baya, janar Yakubu Gowon ya zama Farfesa a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa a jami’ar Jos.

Janar Yakubu Gown (GCFR)

Gogayyar Aiki

1957: Ya yi aiki tare da rundunar sojan Nijeriya ta huɗu mai sansani a garin Ibadan ciki tsohuwar helikwatar Yankin Yammacin Nijeriya a matsayin Laftanar-Kanar (Lieutenant Colonel).
1960: Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ƙaura-ja-Yaƙi na ƙaramar rudunar sojan Nijeriya (Platoon Commander) mai kula da iyakar Nijeriya da Kamaru.
1960: Mataimakin Kwamadan Rundunar Soja ta Fuskar Gudanarwa (Adjutant) na rudunar soja ta 4. Muƙamin da shi aka fara yi wa irinsa a tarihin Nijeriya.
1961 da kuma 1963: Ya yi aiki da rundunar Dakarun Samar da Zaman Lafiya ta Tarayyar (United Nation Peace Keeping Force) a ƙasar Congo.
1963: An yi masa muƙanin babban Adjutant na Rudunar Mayaƙan Ƙasa ta Rundunar Sojan Nijeriya (Adjutant General of Nigerian Army).
1966: Laftanar-Kanar Yakubu Gowon ya zama shugaban ma’aikatan Majalisar Ƙoli ta Sojan Nijeriya.

Zamowarsa Shugaban Ƙasa

Laftanar-Kanar Yakubu Gowon ya zama sabon shugaban Nijeriya a ranar ɗaya ga watan Agusta na shekarar 1966 biyowa bayan juyin mulki haɗe da kisan Janar Aguiyi Ironsi a ranar 29 ga watan Juli na shekarar 1966. Bisa haɗuwar manyan sojojin Arewa a kan shugabantar da shi a maimakon Janar Mohammed Murtala kamar yadda Yakasai (2004), ya ruiwato wanda shi kuma ganau ne ba jiya ba.

Jawabin Farko Na Janar Yakubu Gowon

Ya ‘yan’uwana ‘yan ƙasata, ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1966, a matsayina na shugaban Tarayyar Nijeriya, shekarar 1966 ta zama shekarar ƙaddara ga wannan ƙasa, abar alfaharinmu, Nijeriya. An kawo ni wannan matsayin a yau, na ɗaukar ɗawainiyoyin ƙabari kusa na wannan ƙasa bisa sahalewar Majalisar Ƙoli ta Soja a sakamakon abin alhinin da ya afku a safiyar ranar 29 ga watan Julin 1966.

Koma dai menene, kafin na tsunduma cikin batun abin da ya faru a ranar 29 ga wa Juli 1966, zan so na tuna muku abin takaici tare da sanyaya guiwar da ya faru a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966 wanda yake irin wannan ne.

A bisa wasu ƙwararran hujjoji kuma bayyanannu, waɗanda ya zuwa yanzu ba a fito da su fili ba ga jama’ar ƙasa da ma duniya baki ɗaya, an jefa ƙasar nan a cikin annobar da ta shafi dukkan faɗin ƙasa ta hanyar kashe-kashe da kuma aika-aikar da wasu tsirarun sojoji suka ɗauka a kan jama’ar ƙasa. Da wannan, ina nufin wani dandazon wasu ofisoshin sojoji tare da haɗin guiwar wasu fararen hula da suka yanke shawarar hamɓarar da halastacciyar gwamnatin ranar, amma wasu zaƙaƙurai, masu ladabi da biyayya sannan kuma mafiya rinjaye daga cikin rundunar sojoji da ‘yan sanda sun yi wa yunƙurin nasu waigi.

An kira sojoji su karɓi ragamar gudanar da gwamnati har zuwa lokacin da za a dawo da doka da oda. Yunƙurin hamɓarar da gwamnatin ranar an aiwatar da shi ta hanyar kashe wasu shugabannin siyasa tare da wasu manya-manyan sojoji waɗanda mafiya yawan su daga wani yanki na ƙasa suka fito. Firimiya ya rasa ransa a hannun masu juyin mulkin. Amma idan da ba domin ladabi da biyayyar sojojin waɗanda da yawan lamarin ya shafe su da kuma sauran rudunar mayaƙa da ‘yan sanda ba, to da lamarin ya rikiɗe zuwa yaƙin basasa.

Burin samar da sauyi mai ma’ana tare da sake gina ƙasa cikin wani ƙayyadadden lokaci shi ne abin da ya biyo bayan wannan lamari wanda aka ɗorawa Manjo-Janar Aguiyi Ironsi alhakin jagoranta, amma abin takaici wannan mutum sai ya haifar da zargi tare da jefa kokwanto game da gaskiyar gwamnati a fannoni da dama. Wannan kuma ya gaurayu da abin baƙin cikin da ya auku ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, wanda yake ɗanye shakaf a zukatan mafiya yawan jama’a, wani yankin ƙasa suka yanke shawarar bijirewa gwamnatin sojoja wacce kafin wannan lokacin ta ci moriyar samun gagarumin goyon baya.

Abin da ya biyo baya shi ne mummunan abin takaicin da ya haifar da zubar da jini wasu masu yawan daga cikin manyan birane da garuruwan Arewacin ƙasa. Lokacin da ya biyo baya mawuyacin hali ne wajen kwantar da hankulan jama’a har zuwa safiyar ranar 29 ga watan Juli na 1966, wanda a lokacin ƙasa ta sake faɗawa cikin wani mummunan yanayin kashe-kashe wanda ya zama karo na biyu a tsawon watannin bakwai. Lamarin da ya afku a safiyar ranar 29 ga watan Juli na 1966 shi ne kawo rahoto daga sansanin soja na Abeokuta cewa sojoji suna bore kuma har ta kai ga an kashe wasu manyan sojoji guda biyu haɗe da wani ƙaramin soja guda ɗaya daga wani yankin ƙasa. Cikin gaggawa abin ya yaɗu zuwa Ibadan da Ikeja. An kawo rahoton jikkata mutane da yawa daga guraren. Babban kwamanda a wannan lokacin yana Ibadan yana halartar taron sarakunan gargajiya wanda yake nufin komawa da yammacin ranar 29 ga watan Juli na shekarar 1966.

An kawo rahoton cewa an kai farmaki masaukin baƙin gwamnati wanda kuma rahoton ƙarshe da aka samu shi ne cewa shi da gwamnan soja na Yankin Yamma sojoji sun yi garkuwa da su. Har zuwa yanzun nan, ba a samu tabbaci game da takamaiman gurin da suke ba. Cikin ƙaramin lokaci aka sha kan matsalar a waɗannan guraren. Ba da jimawa ba kuma bayan an kammala wannan, sai aka samu irin waɗannan tashe-tashen hankulan a tsakanin rundunoni a arewa cewa wani tsagi na sojojin a Arewa sun karɓe ragamar jagorancin dukkan rundunonin da suke Arewa. Reshen da yake Enugu da kuma sansanin da yake Benin su abin bai shafe su ba. Yanzu komai ya daidaita, kuma zan iya bai wa jama’a tabbacin cewa zan yi iya bakin ƙoƙarina wajen dakatar da duk wani zubar da jini a nan gaba tare kuma da dawo da doka da oda da kuma ƙarfin guiwa a dukkan sassan ƙasa tare da haɗin kai da kuma kyakkyawan fatanku.

Yanzu kuma na zo kan gaɓa mafi hatsari, a lokaci guda kuma mafi muhimmanci a cikin wannan jawabin nawa. Ina cike da damuwa matuƙa game da irin takaici tare kuma da ƙunan zuciyar da zai haifar a zukatan masoya Nijeriya na haƙiƙa da ma kuma haɗin kan ƙasa, a gida da kuma wajen ƙasa musamman ga ‘yan uwanmu na kwaman-welz.

A sakamakon al’amarin da ya faru na baya-bayan nan da kuma makamancinsa wanda ya shuɗe, na gamsu cewa a haƙiƙanin gaskiya ba zai yiwu mu ci gaba da tafiya a irin wannan halin ba a matsayin tushen gaskiya da ƙwarin guiwar salon dunƙulalliyar gwamnatin da za ta iya tunkarar jarawabar rayuwa. Tuni na riga na yi magana game da abin da lamarin da ke gudana. Ya isa hujja na ce idan muka auna dukkan ababen lura; siyasa, tattalinarziƙi, da kuma walwala, za mu ga babu ginshinƙin haɗin kai a ciki ko kuma an yi masa rotse da dutse ba sau ɗaya ba, ba sau biyu ba. Saboda haka na ji cewa dole mu sake waiwaitar lamarin domin tabbatuwar ƙasarmu, kuma mu ga cewa ko zai yiwu mu taimaka mu dakatar da ƙasar daga duƙurshewar ƙarshe. Bisa amincewar dukkan gwamnonin soja, mambobin majalisar ƙoli da kuma majalisar zartarwa ta soja, za a fitar da doka ba da jimawa ba domin a shimfiɗa ƙwaƙƙwaran ginshiƙi ga wannan manufofi.

‘Yan’uwana ‘yan ƙasa, ina da kyakkyawan fatan cewa za mu iya warware mafiya yawan matsalolin da suka rarraba kawunanmu a baya sannan kuma mu mutunta junanmu tare kuma da yarda da juna bisa dacewa da dukkanin sanannun kyawawan halaye da ɗabi’u.

Dukkan ‘yan ƙasashen waje, muna basu tabbacin tsaron lafiyarsu kuma cewa kada su ji tsoron cewa za a ci musu zarafi. Na ƙuduri aniyar ci gaba da aiki da manufofin da suke ƙunshe cikin jawabin babban kwamadan askawara na ranar 19 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 1966 wanda kuma aka wallafa shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1966. Kuma mu mutunta dukkan yarjeniyoyin ƙasa-da-ƙasa na wajibi da kuma saka hannu da kuma dukkan yarjeniyoyin kuɗi da aka ƙulla da gwamnatin da ta shuɗe. Muna da buƙatar ci gaba da kyakkyawar dangatar jakadanci da dukkan ƙasashen. Saboda haka muna la’akari da tsoma bakin wata ƙasa ta kowace fuska a matsayin bore. Kuma muna buƙatar dukkan mambobin rundunonin sojoji su ci gaba da zama a sansanoninsu, in banda waɗanda suke aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman ko kuma idan aka buƙace su daga Cibiyar Ƙoli. Tawagogin soja kada su musgunawa jama’a; kasantuwar yin haka zai zubar da mutuncin sabuwar gwamnatin sojan. Dukkan wani motsi na sata ko zagon ƙasa za a ɗauki matakin da ya dace.

Ku tuna cewa aikin ku shi ne taimakawa wajen dawo da doka da oda tare kuma da kwantar da hankalin jama’a a lokutan rigingimu. Na gamsu cewa da haɗin kanku tare kuma da fahimar juna, za mu iya tsamo ƙasar daga mawuyacin halin da take ciki yanzu.

Na yi muƙu alƙawarin cewa zan yi dukkan mai yiwuwa na mayar da ƙasar turbar dimokuraɗiyya da zarar an samu yanayin da za a iya shirya hakan. Kuma na ƙuduri aniyar hanzarta sakin fursunonin siyasa.

‘Yan’uwana ‘yan ƙasa, ku bani agajinku ni kuma zan ɗaukaka ƙasa kamar yadda ake saka rai.

Na gode muku, kuma sai da safe.

An ɗauko wannan jawabi daga littafin tarihin rayuwar Alhaji Tanko Yakasai Mujalladi na ɗaya wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2004.

Gudunmawa

Shirin ingantaka albashin ma’aikata wanda aka fi sani da Udoji.
Ƙirƙiri hukumar bautawa ƙasa wadda ake kira National Youth Service Corps abar taƙaitawa da NYSC. Domin samar da haɗin kai a tsakanin matasan Nijeriya waɗanda suka kammala karatu a babbar makaranta, wanda kuma har zuwa yanzu nan (2019), shirin yana nan ana gudanar da shi.
Gina garin FESTAC da ke babban birnin tarayya na lokacinsa wato Lagos.
Gina gadoji da dama a garin Lagos da ma sauran sassan guraren da ake da buƙatar hakan a ƙasa. Wannan ta saka ake yi masa kirari da mai gina gada (The bridge builder).
Gina katafaren ɗakin taro na ƙasa (National Theater, Lagos).
Gina jami’o’i.
Canja tsarin Nijeriya daga Yankuna huɗu; Yankin Arewa, Yankin Yamma, Yankin Tsakiyar Yamma da Yankin Gabas (Northern Region, Western Region, Mid-Western Region and Eastern Region) zuwa jahohi goma sha biyu. Jahohin su ne: Jahar Arewa maso Yamma (North-Western State); Jahar Arewa maso Gabas (North-Eastern State); Jahar Kano; Jahar Tsakiyar Arewa (North Central State); Jaha Filato-Binuwai (Benue-Plateau State); Jahar Kwara; Jahar Yamma (Western State); Jahar Lagos; Jahar Tsakiya Yamma (Mid-Western State); Jahar Tsakiyar Gabas (East-Central State); Jahar Kudu Maso Gabas (South-Eastern State) da kuma Jahar Rivers.
Gina babban titin Ibadan zuwa Lagos.
Kawo ƙarshen yaƙin basasar da aka ɗauki shekaru uku ana yi.
Sake gina yankunan da yaƙin basasa ya ɗaiɗaita tare kuma da sake tsugunnar da ‘yan gudun hijirar da yaƙin ya kora daga gidajensu a ƙarƙashin shirin da aka kira Reconciliation; Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (The 3Rs) a Turance.
Shirin miƙa mulki ga hannun farar hula. Duk da cewa shirin nasa bai kai ga nasara ba, amma dai Janar Gowon ya shirya miƙa mulki ga farar hula wanda ya sanar a shekarar 1970 bayan kammala yaƙin basasa kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Dakta Awofeso na Tsangayar Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami’ar Nijeriya ta Nsukka ya kawo a rubutunsa na shekarar (2017) da aka yi wa laƙabi da ajandodi guda tara. Daktan ya ce Janar Gowon ya shelanta miƙa mulki a hannun farar hula da zai kawo ƙarshen mulkinsa a cikin shekarar 1976 wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ya zayyana waɗannan ajandodi guda tara kamar yadda za su zo a nan ƙasa duk da cewa guda huɗu daga cikinsu basu samu aiwatuwa ba a gare shi.
Sake tsarin rundunar sojijin Nijeriya.
Aiwatar da tsarin ciyar da ƙasa gaba a aikace tare kuma da gyara ta’adin da yaƙi ya haifar.
Kawar da ɓarna a rayuwar Nijeriya a mataƙin ƙasa.
Sake ƙirƙirar wasu jahohi.
Samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki.
Sake fitar da sabon salon rabon arziƙin ƙasa.
Gudanar da Ƙidayar jama’ar ƙasa.
Kafa ƙwararan jama’iyyun siyasa na ƙasa.
Gudanar da zaɓe a matakan jahohi da na Tarayya.
Ya taƙaita tsoma hannun kamfanonin waje a cikin harkokin gudanar da tattalin arziƙin Nijeriya a cikin shirinsa na indigenization policy.
Gina babban birnin Tarayyar Nijeriya, Lagos zuwa matakin da ya amsa sunan birni a idon duniya.
Kusanta Nijeriya da ‘yan’uwanta ƙasashen Afirka tare kuma da ɗaukaka darajarta a tsakaninsu da har ta kai da amsa sunanta na Uwa ma bada mama a Afirka.
Kai Nijeriya matsayi na tara a harƙar fitar da manfetur zuwa kasuwannin duniya.
Jagorantar kafuwar ƙungiyar ECOWAS a 1975.

Ƙarshen Gwamnati

A ranar 29 ga watan Juli na shekarar 1975, gwamnatin Janar Yakubu Gowon ta zo ƙarshe sakamakon juyin mulki da wasu sojojin suka yi a lokacin da shi Janar Gowon ɗin yake halatar wani taron haɗin kan ƙasashen Afirka (OAU) da ake gudanarwa a Kampala babban birnin Jamhuriyyar Uganda. Abin da ake gani a matsayin huce haushin da wasu sojoji suka yi biyowa bayan jawabin da Janar Gowon ɗin ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 1974 cewa maganar da ya yi ta miƙa mulki ga hannun farar hula a shekarar 1976 abu ne mai wahalar yiwuwa, saboda haka an ɗage wannan shiri har sai baba ta gani.

Gudun Hijira

Daga wannan rana ta 29 ga watan Julin shekarar 1975, kuma daga garin na Kampala babban birnin ƙasar Uganda, sai shugaban ƙasa Janar Yakubu Gowon ya ɗare jirgi zuwa ƙasar Ingila, ƙasar da ya zauna a cikinta har tsawon shekaru 8 (1975 – 1983), zaman da ya bashi damar shiga jami’ar Warwick tare da yin karatu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a matakin digirin-digirgir wato Dakta abin rubta da PhD in Political Science a Turance.

Wanda kuma har zuwa lokacin da muka rubuta wannan takarda, 16/4/2019, Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Nijeriya, sannan kuma dakta a fannin kimiyyar siyasa kuma dai Janar Mai ritaya a rundunar sojan Nijeriya yana nan a raye.

Manazarta:

Abdullahi H., Abdullahi Y. Z. da Hussaini S. M. (2012). The Nigerian Army And National Development Since The Civil War. JORIND 10 (3), December, 2012. ISSN 1596 - 8308. An ciro daga shafin: www.ajol.info/journals/jorind a shekarar 2019.

Awofeso O. (2017). The Politics of Military Transition Programmes to Democracy in Nigeria, 1966-1999. Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 6, Ver. 8 (June. 2017) PP 01-11 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. An ciro daga shafin: www.iosrjournals.org a shekarar 2019.

Elaigwu J.I. (2009). Gowon: The Biography of a Soldier-Statesman. Department of Political Science, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.

Yakasai T. (2004). Tanko Yakasai, The Story of a Humble Life, An Autobiography, Volume I. Goverment Printers, Kano-Nigeria.

Odeze C. (2018). Nigerian Presidents’ Academic Qualifications: 1960 Till Date. An ciro daga shafin https://buzznigeria.com a shekarar 2019.

Koma Babban Shafin Tarihi

Babban Shafin Nijeriya

Tarihin Najeriya

Alamomi da Tambari