Aristotle

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Aristotle



Aristotle

Gabatarwa

Ba manufar wannan rubutu ba ne ya zama ya gaya maka komai dangane da rayuwar wannan bajimin masani wato Aristotle, wanda ya zazzaga rubutu iya ƙarfinsa. A’a, babban abin buƙata shi ne wannan rubutu ya zama wata kyakkyawar matashiya da zata zama fitila ga manazarta. Sannan kuma rayuwar wannan haziƙi ta zamarwa manazarta wata makaranta.

A nan mun taƙaita da abin da ya shafi rayuwarsa da karatunsa da kuma gudunmawar da ya bayar a harkar ilimi. Aristotle, shi ne mutumin da suka yi wa laƙabi da ‘masanin  dukkan fannoni’. Shin hakan ne, biyo mu ka sha labari!

Rayuwarsa

Mashahurin masanin Falsafa da Kimiyya. Sannan kuma bajimin manazarci kuma marubuci. An haife shi a garin Stagira ta yankin Chalkidice duk a  arewacin Girka (Greece). Sunan babansa Nicomachus, mahaifiyarsa kuma Phaestis. Babansa masanin Physics ne. Dukkan iyayensa sun rasu lokacin yana ƙarami. Wata kafa ta ce mahaifinsa ya mutu lokacin shi yana ɗan shekara goma da haihuwa.

Aristotle ya tashi a hannun baffansa Proxenus wanda shima masanin Physics ɗin ne. Lokacin da ya kai shekaru goma sha bakwai, wannan mariƙi nasa ya tura shi karatu Athens, wacce a wannan lokacin ita ce cibiyar ilimi ta duniya. A wannan gari na Athens, Aristotle ya yi karatun falsafa a makarantar gawurtaccen masanin falsafar nan wato Plato. Saboda kaifin basira da shi Aristotle yake da ita, ya samu dama ta kammala karatunsa cikin taƙaitaccen lokaci. Bayan kammala karatun nasa aka ɗauke shi mai karantarwa a wannan babbar makaranta, ya riƙa bada darasi a fannin rhetoric.

Bayan mutuwar Plato, Aristotle ne ya kamata ya ci gaba da jagoranci wannan makaranta saboda dukkan ɗaliban makarantar nan ba wanda ya kai shi tumbatsa da kuma hazaƙa kai har ma da zalaƙa. Amma saboda sauka da ya yi daga karantarwar Plato a wasu fannoni, shi yasa sai aka ɗora  Speusippus wanda shi kuma ɗan-ɗan uwa ne ga shi Plato.

Bayan rauwasar Plato, Aristotle ya riƙa tafiye-tafiye musamman yankuna da kuma tsibiran Asia Minor wacce ta zama Turkiya a yau, yana nazarce-nazarce kan abubuwan da suka shafi kimiyyar halittu wato Biology. Amma Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2008), ya wallafa a shafinsa cewa abokinsa, kuma sarkin Atarneous  da Assos duka a Mysia, wato Hermeas, shi ya gayyaci Aristotle zuwa wannan yanki. Ya zauna a wannan yanki har tsawon shekaru uku. Daga ƙarshe ya auri ‘yar ɗan’uwan wannan sarki. Sunan wannan mata Pythias.

A shekarar 343, kamar yadda yadda Joshua (2009) ya kawo. Aristotle ya samu gayyata daga sarkin Masadoniya (Macedonia) wato Sarki Philp na biyu (King Phili II) dan ya karantar da ɗansa Alexander wanda daga baya ya shahara ya zama Alexander the Great. Ya zauna tsawon shekaru uku a wannan garin.

Bayan rasuwar wannan sarki, sai ɗansa Alexander ya gaje shi. Aristotle ya sake komawa Athens inda ya zauna, ya buɗe tasa makarantar mai suna Lyceum wacce ta zama kishiya ga makarantar da ya yi karatu a ciki. Wannan makaranta ita ta yi gogayya da tsohuwar makarantarsa sannan kuma ta zama mai jayayya da ra’ayin tsohon malaminsa wato Plato. Iya tsawon zaman Alexander the Great a kan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar malaminsa kan yadda zai gudanar da harkokinsa. Mutuwar Alexander the Great, ta saka aka tuhumi Aristotle da rashin biyayya ga addini saboda haka ya yi gudun hijira ya koma Chalcis da ke yankin Euboea. Bayan komawarsa Chalcis, ya mutu a shekarar 322 BCE, (Harvard University, 2016).

Rubuce-Rubuncensa


Littafin Aristotle

Shahararren marubuci Aristotle, ya wallafa littattafan da yawansu bai gaza ɗari biyu ba. Dan kusan an tafi akan cewa babu wani fanni na rayuwa da wannan haziƙin marubuci bai yi rubutu a ciki ba. Sai dai kash! Abin takaicin shi ne dukkan waɗannan rubuce-rubuce nasa an rasa su. Sai dai wasu da basu wuce talatin ba kacal da suka saura. Kuma waɗannan ɗin ma muƙaloli ne da ya yi amfani da su wajen karantarwa, wato abin da ake kira ‘Lecture note’ a Turance.    (Inaternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008).

Kaɗan daga cikin fannonin da ya yi rubutu a cikinsu akwai: Kimiyya (Science), Falsafa (Philosophy), Physics, Kimiyyar halittu (Biology), metaphysics, logic, psychology, da sauransu. Daga cikin sunayen littattafan da ya rubuta akwai: Categories, Interpretation, Analytics, Posterior Analytics, Topics, Sophistical Refutations, Organon, Physics , Coming-to-Be and Passing Away; On Generation and Corruption, Heavens, Meteorology, da sauransu. Duba (Robin, 2015).

Gudunmawarsa ga Ilimi

Haƙiƙa ya bada gagarumar gudunmwa wajen ci gaban ilimin a duniya. Daga cikin abubuwan da ya ƙirƙiro akwai: 

  1. Shi ya samar da tsarin rarrabe halittu zuwa aji-aji a fannin kimiyyar halittu, wato fannin Biology.
  2. Shi ya gano cewa Earth ce a tsakiyar duniyoyi.
  3. Shi ya gano cewa ya kamata a hukunta magana da abunda ta ƙunsa ba da zahirinta ba. Cewa idan jumla ta zama gaskiya, to ƙarshen lamari dole ya tabbata. Misali ya ce: dukkan mutum mortal ne, kuma Aristotle mutum ne, saboda haka Aristotle ya zama mortal.

Haƙiƙa ya bada gudunmawa mai gwavi a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban. Har ma wasu sun riƙa yi masa ƙirari da ‘masanin dukkan fannoni’.

Manazarta:


Joshua J. M. (2009). Aristotle. Ancient History Encyclopedia. An ciro daga: http://www.ancient. eu/aristotle

Stanford University. (2015). Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)..  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Berkeley University (2016). An ciro daga: http:// www.ucmp.berkeley .edu/history/aristotle.html

Oregon State University. (2002). Great Philosophers, Aristotle (384 – 322BCE). Robin S. (2015). Titles of Aristotle's works and their abbreviations. University of Washington. An ciro daga: http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/ ariworks.htm


Sauran Shafukanmu:

Rumbun Ilimi   Maidarasu    Balangada    Tashar Yutub