Shafin Farko 

Masu Larurar Hankali

Gabatarwa

Larurar hankali, ruwan dare ce, game duniya. Babu wani jinsi na mutane a duniya da ba a samun masu wannan larurar a cikinsu.

Saboda haka abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga malaman makaranta, iyaye, ma’aikatan lafiya da masu kula da yara, su zama suna da wata masaniya game da abin da ya shafi irin waɗannan yara domin basu kulawar da ta dace da su, a kuma lokacin da ya dace.

Manufar wannan rubutu ita ce sanar da mai karatu ma’anar yara masu larurar hankali, abubuwan da ke haifar da larurar, siffofin yara masu larurar hankali, hanyoyin karantar da su da sauransu.

Ma’anar Yara Masu Larurar Hankali

Larurar hankali, ita ake kira mental retardation ko kuma intellectual retardation a Turance. Masana fannin Ilimin Musamman sun bata fassara gwargwadon hali. Daga cikin waɗanda suka yi fice akwai wacce Dakta Adekunle (2012), ya ruwaito daga (AAMR, 2002), cewa: “Larurar Hankali, larura ce da ake siffanta ta da gazawar aikin tunani da kuma gazawar ɗabi’un karɓar sauyi (adaptive behaviour) guda biyu ko fiye da haka ga yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 18”.

A bisa yadda aka sani kuma aka saba da shi, yara kan girma a matakai daban-daban. A lokacin da suke wannan girma, hankalinsu shima yana ƙara haɓaka, tare kuma da karɓar sauyi; wato koyon halayen zamantakewa da yake saka su, su zama mutanen da za su iya rayuwa a cikin al’umma, su kuma bayar da gudunmawa. Gazawar yaro wajen koyon waɗancan halaye kamar irin su karatu, magana, isar da saƙo, cikakkiyar sadarwa da sauran makamantansu, na nuni ga samuwar larurar hankali a tare da wannan yaro.

Rabe-Raben Masu Larurar Hankali

Masana fannin ilimin musamman sun haɗu a kan cewa, ana la’akari da abubuwan da suka haɗa da al’ada, zurfin larura, ilimi da kuma lafiya wajen rarraba masu larurar hankali.

Binciken ilimi, ya tabbatar da samuwar rukunai uku na mutane ko yara masu larurar hankali. Idan aka yi la’akari da al’ada, zurfin matsalar da kuma ilimi.

  1. Wawa: Shi ne wanda ake kira moron a Turance. Shi ne mai sassauƙar larura (mild). Za a iya koya masa komai dangane da karatu. Babbar matsalarsa ita ce rashin hangen nesa. Abin nufi da hangen nesa a nan shi ne abin da zai faru a gaba sakamakon aikata wani aiki. Shi wawa, baya duba mai zai biyo bayan duk aikin da zai aikata.
  2. Daƙiƙi: Shi ake kira imbicile a Turance. Shi ne mai matsakaiciyar (moderate) larurar hankali, shi kuma yana iya karɓar horo (training) a maimakon karantarwa. Za a iya koyar da shi yadda ake gudanar da wasusu abubuwa na yau-da-kullum kamar irin su saka sutura, yin wanka, wasu ma har sana’o’i ana iya koya musu. Abin da yake zama gagararre a wajensa, shi ne karatu da rubutu. Irin waɗannan yara su ne sukan daɗe a ajin makaranta ba tare da cigaba ba.
  3. Dolo: Shi ake kira idiot a Turance. Shi ne mai zuzzurfar larurar hankali. Baya iya koyon komai, sannan kuma ba a iya horas da shi, haka nan ma babu wani abu da yake iya yi da kansa. Abubuwan yau-da-kullum kamar irin su wanka, saka tufafi da sauransu duk sai dai a yi masa. Irin su ne suke maimaita duk maganar da mutum ya faɗa.

Abubuwan da ke Haifar da Larurar Hankali

Manazarta:

Alhassan F.A. (2015). A Guide in Special Education. Tamasi Computers, Kano, Nigeria.

Child Care Law Centre (1990). Caring for Children With Speciall Need: The Americans With Disablities Act and Childe Care. Child Care Law Centre, USA. 10016, Deekay Printers, India.

National Council of Educational Research and Training (2001). Education of Children With Special Needs. Sri, Aurobinda Marg, New Delhi.

Federal Ministry of Education (2015). National Policy on Special Needs Education. Federal Ministry of Education, Abuja, Nigeria.

National Teachers Institute (2000). NCE/DLS Course Book On Education Cycle 4. National Teachers Institute, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Repp A.C. da Coutinho M.J. (2008). Special Education. Microsoft Encarta 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.