Hausa Gaɓa

Me ka ke nema?


Shafin Farko

Hausa Gaɓa

Gabatarwa

Gaɓa yanki ce ta kalma wadda ake gina ta ta hanyar haɗa baƙi da wasali. Adadin gaɓoɓin da ke cikin kalma su ke bayyana irin tsawo ko gajartar kalma. Masana harshen Hausa sun haɗu a kan cewa; mafi gajartar kalmar Hausa ita ce mai gaɓa ɗaya kamar ni, ko sha; mafi tsawo kuma ita ce mai gaɓoɓi shida kamar sakwarkwatacciya. Babu daɗi daga shida, hakan ma kuma babu ragi daga ɗaya.

Ma’anar Gaɓa

Farfesa Sani Zariya (2007) ya ce: “Gaɓa yanki ce na faɗar kalma mai tsarin baƙi (B) da wasali (W) a jere”. Sai kuma haɗin guiwar Zarruƙ, Kafin Hausa da Al-Hassan (2010) da suka ce: “Gaɓa ita ce gundumar baƙi da wasali a cikin kalma”.

Saboda haka daga ma’anonin nan guda biyu za mu iya fahimtar cewa gaɓa sashe ce ko yankin kalma wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar haɗa baƙi da wasali a waje guda. Kenan, idan muka ɗauki baƙin K muka haɗa shi da wasalin A za mu samu gaɓa ɗaya wadda ita ce KA. Haka nan ma da za mu ɗauki baƙin T mu yi masa wasali da I za mu samu gaɓa TI. Idan kuwa muka haɗe su waje guda kamar haka KA + TI sai mu samu kalma ɗaya mai gaɓoɓi biyu wadda ita ce KATI. Yanzu kuma za mu gane cewa, kowace ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan gaɓoɓi guda biyu; KA da TI ta zama yanki ko sashe na kalmar KATI.

Tsarin Gaɓoɓin Hausa

Gaɓa a harshen Hausa tana da tsarin da ake gina ta a kansa wanda kuma daga ƙarshe yake zama ma’aunin da ake auna kowace gaɓar Hausa da shi. Farfesa Bunza (2002), ya bayyana cewa: “Duk wata kalmar Hausa aka ɗora bisa waɗannan matakai idan ba ta hau su ba, ba Bahaushiyar kalma ba ce”.

Kenan, idan muka yanko maganar Farfesa cewa, “… aka ɗora bisa waɗannan matakai…” cikin sauƙi za mu fahimci cewa, ana ɗora duk abin awo ne kan ma’auni; koda kuwa wannan ma’auni mazubi ne kamar a ce mudu, idan har bai cika ba, sai a ce to darajarsa kaza; bata kai ba ko ta kai.

Waɗannan tsare-tsare da Farfesa ya kawo guda shida ne, waɗanda idan muka kalle su tare da waiwaitar maganar da ta zo a farko game da yawan gaɓoɓin kalmar Hausa, za mu ga cewa tsare-tsaren sun yi daidai. Ga su kamar haka:

  1. Baƙi da Wasali, wanda ake alamta shi da /BW/: Tsari ne da ake gina gaɓar Hausa a kansa ta hanyar haɗa baƙi da wasali a waje guda. Misali, B + A ya zama /BA/ kamar a cikin kalmar BARA /BA/RA/ abar aunawa a bisa ma’aunin /BW/BW/
  2. Wasali da Baƙi, wanda ake alamtawa da /WB/: Tsari ne da ake gina gaɓar Hausa a kansa ta hanyar saka wasali a farko sannan kuma baƙi ya biyo bayansa. Misali, A + L ya zama /AL/ wanda za mu iya samu a cikin kalmar ALLO /AL/LO/ abar aunawa a bisa ma’aunin /WB/BW/.

Sai dai, akwai togiya game da wannan gaɓa da haɗin guiwar Sani, Muhammad da Rabeh (2000) suka ce: “Wasu kalmomin na farawa ne da wasali kamar ido, aku, uba d.s. amma akwai /‘/, mai matsayin baƙi, kafin wannan wasali. Sai dai, ba a rubutawa a hanyar rubutu ta yau da kullum (‘ido, ‘aku, ‘uba).  

  1.   Baƙi da Wasali da Baƙi, wanda ake alamatawa da /BWB/: Tsari ne da ake gina gaɓar Hausa a kansa ta hanyar saka baƙi da farko sannan kuma a yi masa wasali sai kuma a ƙara wani baƙin. Misali, S + U + N ya zama /SUN/ wanda za mu iya samu a cikin kalmar SUNNA /SUN/NA/ abar aunawa a bisa ma’aunin /BWB/BW/.
  2. Baɗi, Baƙi da Wasali, wadda ake alamatawa da /BBW/: Tsari ne da ake gina gaɓar Hausa a kansa ta hanyar saka baƙi da farko sannan a ƙara wani baƙi sai kuma a kawo wasali a ɗora musu daga ƙarshe. Misali, K + W + A ya zama /KWA/ wanda za mu iya samu a cikin kalmar KWAKWA /KWA/KWA/ abar aunawa a bisa ma’aunin /BBW/BBW/.
  3. Baƙi, Wasali da Wasali, wadda ake alamatawa da /BWW/: Tsari ne da ake gina gaɓar Hausa a kansa ta hanyar saka baƙi da farko sannan a kawo wassula guda biyu a raɓa masa. Misali, R + A + U ya zama /RAU/ wanda za mu iya samu a cikin kalmar MASARAUTA /MA/SA/RAU/TA/ abar aunawa bisa ma’aunin /BW/BW/BWW/BW/.
  4. Wasali da Wasali, wadda kai tsaye za a iya kira tagwayen wasulla ababen alamatawa da /WW/: Tsari ne da ake gina gaɓar Hausa a kansa ta hanyar jera wassula guda biyu. Misali, A + U ya zama /AU/ wanda za mu iya samu a cikin kalmar AURE /AU/RE/ abar aunawa bisa ma’aunin /WW/BW/.

Waɗannan su ne ma’aunai guda shida ababen lura wajen sanin asalin kalma da kuma yawan gaɓoɓinta a fagen nazarin Hausa. Sai dai, duk da haka akwai wasu kalmomi da suka gagari kundila ta hanyar ƙin hawa kowane ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ma’unai, idan muka lura da kalmomi irin su Mts! Hmn! Da sauransu, za mu lura da cewa basu hau kowane ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan ma’aunai guda shida ba.

Adadin Gaɓoɓin Kalmar Hausa
Farfesa Bunza (2002) yana da ra’ayin cewa, kalmomin Hausa tsayinsu baya wuce gaɓa shida ababen tantancewa ta hanyar waɗancan ma’aunai shida da suka gabata kamar haka:

  1. Kalmomi masu gaɓa ɗaya: A wannan rukuni za mu iya samun kalmomi kamar haka, ni, as, kan, sha da sauransu ababen aunawa da ma’aunan ni /BW/, as /WB/, kan /BWB/ da kuma sha /BBW/ waɗanda za mu iya gani a cikin jimlolin:
  2. Ni na bashi gida.
  3.  As kaza.
  4.  Ɗora a kan kujera.
  5.  Ya sha ruwa.
  6. Kalmomi masu gaɓa biyu-biyu: A nan za mu iya samun kalomomi irin su kiwo, adda, rumbu, tsatsa, ɗauri da kuma aure a bisa dukkan ma’aunai guda shida da suka gaba kamar haka:  kiwo /BW/BW/, adda /WB/BW/, rumbu /BWB/BW/, tsatsa /BBW/BBW/, ɗauri BWW/BW/ sai aure /WW/BW waɗanda za mu iya gani a cikin jimlolin:
  7.  Yana kiwo da safe.
  8.  An sare bishiya da adda.
  9.  Rumbu ya cika da kaya.
  10.  Kwano ya yi tsatsa.
  11.  Ana ɗauri a gona.
  12.  Jiya an ɗaura aure.
  13. Kalmomi masu gaɓoɓi uku-uku: A nan za mu iya samun kalmomi kamar babani, alkaki, rangadi, shamuwa, mahauci da kuma auraki a bisa dukkan ma’aunai guda shida da suka gabata kamar haka: /ba/ba/ni/ /BW/BW/BW/, /al/ka/ki/ /WB/BW/BW/, /ran/ga/di/ /BWB/BW/BW, /sha/mu/wa/ /BBW/BW/BW/, /ma/hau/ci/ /BW/BWW/BW/ da kuma /au/ra/ki/ /WW/BW/BW/ ababen gani a cikin jimlolin:
  14.  Babani ya iya karatun Allo.
  15.  Ka sayo masa alkaki a kasuwa.
  16.  Sarki ya tafi rangadi.
  17.  Mahauci yana fawa.
  18.  Shamuwa tsuntsuwar damina.
  19.  Bala yana da aurakin jaki.
  20.  Kalmomi masu gaɓa Huɗu-Huɗu: A nan za mu iya samun kalmmomi kamar irin su tumfafiya, mahaukaci, alkantara, aunanniya da sauransu. Waɗanda za a iya auna su da ma’aunan /ma/hau/ka/ci/ /BW/BWW/BW/BW/, /tum/fa/fi/ya/ /BWB/BW/BW/BW/, /al/kan/ta/ra/ /WB/BWB/BW/BW/ da sauransu ababen gani a cikin jimlolin:
  21.  Mahaukaci ne yake kwana a bola.
  22.  Ana magani da tumfafiya.
  23.  Akwai unguwa Alkantara a Kano.
  24. Kalmomi masu gaɓoɓi biyar-biyar: A nan za mu iya samun kalmomi kamar irin su yarjejeniya, wargajajjiya, taɓarɓararre, bagargajiye, da sauransu. Ababen aunawa da ma’aunan /yar/je/je/ni/ya/ /BWB/BW/BW/BW/BW/; /war/ga/jaj/ji/ya/ /BWB/BW/BWB/BW/BW/; /ta/ɓar/ɓa/rar/re/, /BW/BWB/BW/BWB/BW/; /ba/gar/ga/ji/ye/. /BW/BWB/BW/BW/BW/;
  25. Kalmomi masu gaɓoɓi shida-shida: A nan za mu iya samun kalmomi kamar irin su cukurkuɗaɗɗiya, sukurkutacciya, wulaƙantacciya da sauransu. Ababen aunawa da ma’aunan /cu/kur/ku/ɗaɗ/ɗi/ya/, /BW/BWB/BW/BWB/BW/BW/; /su/kur/ku/tac/ci/ya/, /BW/BWB/BW/BWB/BW/BW/; /wu/la/ƙan/tac/ci/ya/, /BW/BW/BWB/BWB/BW/BW/.

Ire-Iren Gaɓar Hausa

Fitattun masana harshen Hausa kamar irin su Sani, Muhammad da Rabeh (2000); Sani (2007); Zarruƙ, Kafin Hausa da Al-Hassan (2010); Junaidu da ‘Yar’aduwa (Babu shekara), sun zo ɗaya kan cewa, ana iya rarrabawa ko karkasa gaɓoɓin Hausa zuwa rukunai ta hanyar la’akari da “Abubuwa uku”; wato kenan za a iya bin hanyoyi uku mabambanta wajen karkasa gaɓoɓin Hausa. Ga hanoyin kamar haka:

  1. Ta hanyar lura da yanayin gaɓa: Buɗaɗɗiya da rufaffiya;
  2. Ta hanyar lura da yawan sassan gaɓa: Nannauya da sassauƙa;
  3. Ta hanyar lura da tsawon gaɓa: Buɗaɗɗiya da rufaffiya.

Amma fa duk da haka, an samu wasu ‘yan bambance-bambance kamar haka:
Na farko: An samu saɓani ta fuskacin yawan hanyoyin da za a bi wajen karkasa gaɓoɓin kamar yadda za a iya gani a sama cewa, abubuwan da lambar farko ta ƙunsa (1), su lamba ta uku ta ƙunsa tare da cewa, ta ɗayan ana lura ne da yanayin gaɓa, ta ukun kuma ana lura da tsawon gaɓa. To waɗannan hanyoyi uku na sama, haɗin guiwar Junaidu da ‘Yar’aduwa (Babu shekara), su suka kawo su kamar yadda aka gani.

Su kuwa Zarruƙ, Kafin Hausa da Al-Hassan (2010) da kuma Sani, Muhammad da Rabe (2000) da kuma Sani (2007) hanyoyi biyu suka kawo; wato lambar farko da ta biyu. Waɗanda kuma idan muka lura za mu ga cewa, za mu iya haɗe hanyar farko da ta uku su zama abu guda.

Abu na biyu: Saɓanin sunaye, wanda shi ma ya kamata mu lura da shi. Hanyar farko; lura da yanayi, wasu kuma suka ce nau’i. Waɗannan kalmomi guda biyu; yanayi da nau’i, duk abu guda suke nufi, wanda kuma a cikin wannan kason ne aka samu buɗaɗɗiya da kuma rufaffiyar gaɓa. Sai kuma hanya ta biyu da wasu suka kira ta da hanyar lura da sassa (Zarruƙ, Kafin Hausa da Al-Hassan, 2010) inda suka kawo sakayau da kuma Nannauya. Su kuwa Junaidu da ‘Yar’aduwa (Babu shekara) cewa suka yi, hanyar lura da nauyi, inda suka kawo ‘Yar Sakwat da kuma Nannauyar Gaɓa. Kenan, Sakayau da ‘Yar Sakwat abu guda suke nufi, wanda shi ne marasa nauyi.

Yanayin Gaɓa

Idan muka buɗe wannan kwandon, za mu samu rukunai biyu a cikinsa; Buɗaɗɗiyar gaɓa da  kuma Rufaffiya waɗanda su ma za mu kwance ƙullin da aka yi musu ɗaya-bayan-ɗaya mu ga abubuwan da suka ƙunsa:

Ita ce gaɓar da take ƙarewa da wasali. Abin da ke bayar da dama a yi mata ƙarin wani wasalin ko kuma baƙi. Wannan dama ta yi mata ƙari shi ne dalilin da ya saka ake kiranta da suna, Buɗaɗɗiyar Gaɓa. Misali:

  1. Na + n, za ta zama nan da za a iya samu a cikin kalmomin nannauya, nannage, nan-nan, da sauransu.
  2. Ba + b, za ta zama bab, wadda za a iya samu a cikin kalmomin babba, babbaka, da sauransu.
  3. Ka + i, za ta zama kai wadda za a iya samu a cikin kalmomin kai, Kaila, kaifi, da sauransu.
  4. Ra + n, za ta iya zama ran, wadda za a iya samu a cikin kalmomin randa, ranbo da sauransu.
  5. Ba + u, za ta zama bau, wadda za a iya samu a cikin kalmomin Bauchi, baushe, bauɗiya, bauri da sauransu.
  6. La +  i, za ta zama lai, wadda za a iya samu a cikin kalmomin, laifi, lailayayye, da sauransu.

Idan muka lura da misalan da suka shuɗe daga 1 zuwa na 6, za mu ga cewa 1, 2, da na uku an yi ƙarin baƙaƙe ne; na 4, 5, 6 kuma ƙarin wassula aka yi. Sai a ci gaba da gashi, suya sai…

Rufaffiyar Gaɓa

Ita ce gaɓar da ƙarshenta yake zuwa da baƙi. Gaɓa ce da babu damar yi mata ƙari. Idan kuwa aka ƙara, to ba zai yiwu a iya furta ta da sautin Hausa ba. Wannan dalilin na rashin samun damar yi mata ƙari, shi ya saka aka kira ta da suna Rufaffiyar Gaɓa. Misali:

  1. Kan + n, za ta zama Kann, sautin da babu shi a Hausa.
  2. Kan + o, za ta zama Kano wanda kuma ya zama kalma kenan mai gaɓoɓi biyu kamar haka: /ka/no/.

Hanya ta Biyu

Hanyar la’akari da tsawo ko nauyin gaɓa wanda muke da ƙunshi biyu a ciki; Sakayau da kuma Nannauya.

Sakayau

Ita ce gaɓa mai baƙi da gajeren wasali wadda take da sassa biyu kacal; /B/ da kuma /W/ waɗanda idan aka haɗa su za a mu /BW/. Ana kuma kiranta da sunaye; ‘Yar Sakwat ko kuma Gajera.

Nannauya

Ita ce gaɓa mai sassa uku wadda take hawa ma’unan /BWB/ da kuma /BWW/.

Sassan Gaɓa

Gaɓar Hausa tana da sassa uku a jimillance; goshi, cibiya da ƙeya.

Goshi: Goshin gaɓa shi ne harafin farko na gaɓa. Dukkan gaɓoɓin Hausa guda shida suna da goshi. Misali, /BA/, /AL/, /SHA/, /BAB/, /BAU/ da /AU/. Dukkanin harafin da yaka da jan launi to shi ne goshin gaɓar.

Cibiya: Cibiyar gaɓa ita ce wasalin da ya biyo bayan goshin gaɓa wanda ka iya zama gajeren wasali, dogon wasali ko kuma tagwayen wassula. Misali, /CI/, /CII/ da /BAU/. Dukkanin wassula masu jajayen launuka su ne cibiyoyi gaɓoɓin.  

Ƙeya: Ƙeyar gaɓa ita ce baƙin ƙarshe na gaɓar da take ƙarewa da baƙi. Nauyayan gaɓoɓi, rufaffu da kuma dogaye su suke zuwa da ƙeya. Misali, /BAB/, /FAF/, /DAD/ da sauransu. Dukkanin baƙin da ke da jan launi shi ne ƙeyar gaɓar.

Fitar da Gaɓa

Abin da ake nufi da fitar da gaɓa a nan shi ne daddatsa ko gutsuttsura kalmar Hausa zuwa gaɓa-gaɓa. Wannan kuma abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci da kuma sauƙi. Abin yi kawai shi ne a furta kalmar sannu a hankali tare da ɗora ta a ma’aunai shida da suka zo a farko-farkon wannan darasin. Misali, za a iya daddatsa kalmar baba zuwa gaɓa-gaɓa ta hanyar furta ta kamar haka; ba-ba tare da lura da cewa ta hau ma’unin /BW/BW/.

Haka nan kuma za mu iya furta kalmar babbaƙu kamar haka; bab-ba-ƙu tare da lura da cewa ta hau ma’aunan /BWB/BW/BW/.  

Sai kuma kalmar sassauƙa da za mu iya furta ta da sas-sau-ƙa tare da lura da cewa ta hau ma’aunan /BWB/BWW/BW/.

Haka nan ma za mu iya furta kalmar lallegaji kamar haka lal-le-ga-ji tare da lura da cewa ta hau ma’aunan /BWB/BW/BW/BW/. Sai kuma a zurfafa bincike.

Ɗauraya

Mun fahimci cewa, gaɓa yanki ce ta kalma wadda ake iya aunata da ɗaya daga cikin ma’anai guda shida; /BW/, /BWB/, /BBW/, /BWW/, /WB/ da kuma /WW/ tare da cewa dukkan kalmar da bata hau ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ma’aunai guda shida ba to ba Bahaushiyar kalma ba ce kamar yadda ya zo a Farfesa Bunza (2002) in banda kalmomi irin su Mts, Hmn da sauran makamantan su.

Waɗannan gaɓoɓi guda shida sun kasu zuwa buɗaɗɗiya wadda take ƙarewa da wasali sannan kuma ake da damar yi mata ƙari da kuma rufaffiya wadda take ƙarewa da baƙi sannan kuma babu damar yi mata ƙari idan aka lura da yanayin gaɓoɓin. Sai kuma sakayau wadda ke da sassa biyu kacal da kuma nannauyar gaɓa mai sassa uku idan aka lura da yawan sassan gaɓoɓin.

Gaɓoɓin Hausa suna da sassa uku; goshi, cibiya da kuma ƙeya. Ana kuma daddatsa kalmomin Hausa zuwa gaɓa-gaɓa ne ta hanyar furta kalmar sannu a hankali tare kuma da lura da ma’aunan gaɓoɓin guda shida.

Manazarta:


Bunza A.M. (2002). Rubutun Hausa (Yadda Yake Da Yadda Ake Yin Sa) Don Masu Koyo Da Koyarwa. Ibrash Islamic Publications Centre L.T.D., 31 Adalabu Street, Surulere, Lagos.

Jinju M.H. (2007). Rayayyen Nahawun Hausa. Northern Nigerian Publishing Company L.T.D., Gaskiya Building, Zaria, Kaduna-Nigeria.

Junaidu I. da ‘Yar’aduwa T.M. (Babu shekara). Harshe da Adabin Hausa a Kammale, Don Manyan Makarantun Sakandire. Spectrum Books Limited, Ring Road, Ibadan - Nigeria.

Sani M.A.Z., Muhammad A., da Rabeh B. (2000). Exam Focus Hausa Language Don Masu Rubuta Jarabawar WASSCE da SSCE. University Press PLC, Ibadan - Najeriya.

Sani M.A.Z. (2007). Tsarin Sauti Da Nahawun Hausa. University Press PLC, Ibadan-Nigeria.

Zarruƙ R.M., Kafin Hausa A.A. da Alhassan B.S.Y. (2011). Sabuwar Hanyar Nazarin Hausa Don Ƙananan Makarantun Sakandire Littafi na Ɗaya. University Press PLC, Ibadan, Najeriya.


Sauran Shafukanmu:

Rumbun Ilimi   Maidarasu    Balangada    Tashar Yutub