Rumbun IlimiTarihin Masarautar Ilorin
Gabatarwa
Ilorin, ita ce helikwatar mulki ta jahar Kwara da ke Najeria, sannan kuma fadar masarautar Ilorin. Tana da nisan Kilomito 450 idan aka bi hanyar Ilorin zuwa Makwa, zuwa Bida, Zuwa Minna, Zuwa Buwari, zuwa babban birnin tarayyar Nijeria, Abuja. Idan kuma ta hanyar Lakwaja ne, to zai kusan kimanin kilomita 500 zuwa Abuja. Dangane da yaushe aka kafa wannan guri akwai ƙaulani. Sai dai, abu mafi shahara shi ne cewa; wannan gari da kuma masaurata mai cike da abubuwan al’ajabi, wani yanki ce a cikin tsohuwar daular Oyo.
Birnin Ilorin, matattara ce ta yarurruka mabambanta waɗanda suka zama abu guda tare da Yarabanci a matsayin babban yare da Fulani a matsayin sarakuna. Wato al’adar Yarabawa ita ce babbar al’adar garin, sannan kuma Fulani suke sarautar garin.
Birnin Ilorin, birni ne da aka kafa shi a muhallin da ya bashi cikakkiyar damar da ya taɓa zama babbar cibiyar cinikayya, sannan kuma masaukin attajirai, kuma rundunar mayaƙa, kasancewarsa shi ne ɗefin arewacin Najeria, sannan kuma a ƙasar Yarabawa yake.
Tushe
Ra’ayuyyukan marubuta sun sassaɓa dangane da lokacin da wannan gari na Ilorin ya fara. Amma wasu da dama daga cikinsu sun tafi akan cewa Ilorin yanki ce a ƙarshen arewancin Daular Oyo ta wancan lokacin wanda jama’a ke zaune a warwatse (Awolabi da Adio, 2013; Omoiya, 2013). Akwai ƙabilun Ojo Ise Kuse, Asaju, Okesuna, da kuma Ƙabilar Fulani da ke zaune warwatse a yankin kowa na zaman kansa (Omiya, 2013).
Kafuwar Garin Ilorin
Jama’ar da ke zaune warwatse a wancan yanki suna fuskantar matsanancin zalunci daga hannun sarkin Oyo na wancan zamani, saboda haka a farko-farkon ƙarni na goma sha tara sai wani mayaƙi mai suna Afonja, wanda ke a matsayin sarkin yaƙin Oyo a lokacin, kuma haifaffen yankin Ilorin ɗin (Ashiwaju et al, 1991; Awolabi da Adio, 2013), ya bijirewa waccar Daula ta Oyo, da nufin ƙwato ‘yancin waɗannan jama’a da ake zalunta. Amma a ruyawar 'Kunne ya Girmi Kaka', ya zo cewa shi Afonja mayaƙin gaske ne da ke iya fita yaƙi shi kaɗai, to a irin wannan fitar ne bayan an tura shi yaƙi kuma ya samu galaba, a kan hanyarsa ta komawa Oyo, sai ya yada zango a garin na ilorin da nufin kafa tasa daular.
Da Afonja ya bijirewa Daular Oyo, sai ya riƙa gayyato dukkan sauran jama’ar da ke warwatse a sassa daban-daban da ke kewaye da wannan guri da nufin su zo su zauna waje guda su haɗa ƙarfi-da-ƙarfe su yaƙi wannan mummunar danniya da zalunci ta Daular Oyo. Jama’a da suka haɗada ‘yankasuwa waɗanda haraji ya addaba, bayi da ake musgunawa, Fulani makiyaya da malamai da kuma asalin marhaban da ke zaune a wannan yanki, sai suka riƙa yin tururuwa zuwa wannan yanki, suna masu amsa wannan gayyata ta Afonja. Daga cikin gagga-gaggan mutanen da Afonja ya gayyata zuwa wannan yanki akwai wani mashahurin malami mai suna Shehu Alimi, amma asalin sunansa shi ne Sheikh Salihu ibn Janta kamar yadda ya zo a (Kwara State University, 2011), Bafullace ne, sannan akwai wani hamshaƙin attajirin Bayarabe mai suna Sholaberu. An gayyaci Shehu Alimi zuwa wannan gari dan ya bada gudunmawa ta fuskacin addu’a kamar yadda ya saba a waccar Daula ta Oyo. Shehu Alimi da Sholaberu dukkansu mazauna garin Kuwu ne Ɗanmole (1980), kamar yadda ya zo (Omiya, 2014).
Narkewar Garin Ilorin Zuwa Masarauta
Kafuwar masarautar Ilorin ya biyo bayan ayyana jihadi ne da wancan mashahurin malami Sheikh Salihu ibn Janta ya yi a shekarar 1823 bayan rasuwar Afonja. Sheikh Salihu ibn Janta ya rasu bayan rasuwar Afonja da Shekara biyu. Kamar yadda ya zo a (Kwara State University, 2011). Tun daga wannan lokaci, Abdussalami (wanda yake ɗa ne ga shi shehu Alimi) ya ɗaura ɗamarar Jihadi inda ya riƙa fatattakar tsohuwar Daular Oyo har sai da ya cimmata ta koma ƙarƙashin mulkin masarautarsa ta Ilorin.
Sarki Abdussalami bayan zamowarsa Sarki, ya fuskanci barazanoni da dama ta ciki da wajen Ilorin. Daga cikin gida akwai barazana ta waɗanda suka so a ce su ne a kan kujerarsa, sannan kuma daga wajen gida akwai abokan adawa da ke hanƙoron ganin wannan jaririyar masarauta bata kai ko'ina ba, sannan da babban buri da yake da shi na ganin cewa wannan masarauta ya ɗora ta a turbar addinin Islama (Ɗanmole, 2011).
Dukkan waɗannan barazononi, Sarki Abdussalami ya ga ƙarshensu. Da farko ya fara da rubuta wasiƙar neman haɗewa da Daular Shehu Usmanu ta hannun sarkin Gwandu Abdullahi, wanda ya samu nasarar yin hakan. Sannan sai kafa gwamnatin haɗaka da ya yi ta hanyar naɗa wasu mataimaka guda huɗu – akwai Balogun Gambari (Sarkin Hausawa) wanda shi ke kula da dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi Hausawa kamar irinsu kasuwancinsu da sauran mayaƙan Hausawa 'yan gudun hijira; akwai kuma Balogun Fulani (Sarkin Fulani), shi ke kula da dukkan Fulani makiyaya da ke zaune warwatse a wannan yankin na Ilorin musamman kudu da birnin na Ilorin; Balogun Alanamu da Akinjobi (Sarkin Yarabawa), wanda shi kuma shi ke kula da dukkan al'amuran da suka shafi Yarabawa (Ashiwaju et al, 1991; Ɗanmole, 2011).
Wannan naɗi da ya yi na waɗannan mataimaka, ya bashi cikakkiyar dama ta ɗinke ɓarakar da ke ƙoƙarin kunno kai a cikin gidansa a wancan lokaci, sannan kuma ita ce harwayau abinda ta zamar masa ƙarfi na tunkarar abokan adawa da ke wajen masarautarsa. Da wannan ƙarfi ya ratattaki sauran garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi wanda hakan ta bashi nasarar faɗaɗa masarautar Ilorin tun daga garin na Ilorin har zuwa fadar tsohuwar daular Oyo. Samun wannan nasara da wannan masarauta ta Ilorin ta yi a kan sauran yankunan da ke kewaye da ita, ciki kuma har da waccar babbar Daula ta Oyo wacce ita kanta Ilorin ɗin ta taɓa zama a ƙarƙashinta tun tana ƙauye, da kuma zamowar masarautar Ilorin ƙarƙashin Daular Shehu Ɗanfodiye, da kuma kasancewar garin na Ilorin a ƙarshen arewa ta kudu kuma ƙarshen kudu ta arewa, da ma kasantuwarta ƙasa mai albarkar noma, sun bawa ita Ilorin ɗin cikakkiyar dama ta samu haɓɓakar tattalin arziƙi, bunƙasar ilimi, tasirin siyasa, da sauransu, cikin ƙaramin lokaci. Saboda mutane daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun riƙa tururuwa zuwa wannan gari da nufin hijira, kasuwanci, ko neman ilimi. Ashiwaju et al (1991) ya ce, wacce ta fara ɗaukakowa a farkon ƙarni na goma sha tara ta hanyar ɗaukar hankali maharba, da fatake da kuma riƙe su, ya zuwa 1840 ta zama katafariyar alƙariya wacce ta haɗiye tsohuwar daular Oyo.
Zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka Ilorin
Wannan ƙasaitacciyar Daula ta Ilorin mai tarin jama'a da ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi da haɗin kan jama'a, ta ɗauki hankalin Turawa na wancan lokacin musamman Turawa 'yankasuwa mazauna Legas, waɗanda suka ga cewa lallai ba makawa sai wannan cibiyar kasuwanci ta faɗa hannunsu. Tun da farko a cikin shekarar 1885, an samu wani kamfai mai suna 'National African Company' da ya yi iƙirarin cewa sun rattaba hannu a kan yarjejeniya su da masarautar Ilorin, cewa yanzu masarautar Ilorin ta koma ƙarƙashin Turawa wanda kuma ba hakan ba ne, a'a, wani jami'in kamfanin ne ya kaiwa Sarkin Ilorin ziyarar bangirma da nufin leƙen asiri dan gane irin ƙarfin sojin da masarautar ke da shi saboda su san ta ina za su ɓullo mata (Ashiwaju et al, 1991).
Tun daga wannan lokaci Turawa suka kafawa wannan masarauta ƙafon zuƙa. Suka riƙa cinna wutar rikicin cikin gida dana waje har sai da ta kai ga sun haddasa rikicin da ya kai ga halaka Sarki Moma a shekarar 1895 (Ashiwaju et al, 1991). Duk wannan saboda yaƙi yarda ya miƙa musu wuya shi da jama'arsa. Saboda haka sai suka yi amfani da saɓanin da ke akwai tsakanin Sarki Moma da mataimakansa wato Balogun (Ɗanmole, 2011).
Bayan kashe Sarki Moma, sai Sarki Sulaiman ya gaje shi, wanda shi kuma ya zama ɗan-amshin-shatan waɗancan Balogun ɗin (wato sarakunan Hausawa, Fulani da Yoruba). Kada a manta da irin gudunmawa da suka bada wajen kafa ita wannan masarauta ta Ilorin. Tun da farko su waɗannan Balogun su suka riƙa taurarewa kan lallai masarautar Ilorin ba za ta miƙa wuya a hannun Turawa ba. Saboda haka bisa tursasawarsu suka saka Sarki Sulaiman ya aika takarda zuwa Legas cewa kar su sake turo kowane wakili zuwa garinsu, saboda idan wani abu ya faru to ba hannun masarauta a ciki, saboda su waɗancan Balogun sun haɗa baki da mabiyansu cewa duk lokacin da wani Bature ya sake zuwa za su fatattake shi dan gudun kar a maimaita yaɗa furofaganda cewa sun miƙa wuya, da kuma ganin irin ƙarfin da suke da shi, da ma irin jarumtakar da suke da ita.
Haka dai lamura suka ci gaba da tafiya a cukurkuɗe, Ilorin ta shiga halin takura da takai har tana neman goyon bayan sauran garuruwan Yarabawa ciki kuma har da Kamfanin Royal Naija (Royal Niger Company) kamar yadda ya zo a Ashiwaju et al (1991). Amma hakan bata yiwu ba, a ta nasa ɓangaren Kamfanin Royal Naija maimakon marawa Ilorin baya, ya ma riƙa yunƙurin ganin kifewarta ne saboda dukkan ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin yankin ya koma hannunsa. Wannan ta faru ƙarƙashi jagorancin George Goldie.
A ranar 18 ga watan Faburairu na shekarar 1897, George ya jagoranci tawagar da ta ruguza wannan masarauta ta Ilorin. Tun kafin haka sun mamaye fadar masarautar ta Ilorin inda suka nemi Sarki Sulaimanu da mabiyansa su miƙa wuya ta ruwan-sanyi amma suka ƙi. Saboda haka su kuma suka yi musu lugude, suka dira a kansau, suka ratattaka su. A ranar 19 ga watan Faburairun 1897 wannan masarauta ta Ilorin ta faɗa hannun Turawan Ingila (Ashiwaju et al, 1991; Ɗanmole, 2011).
Zaman Ilorin a Ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Royal Naija
Bayan wannan fafatawa, yanzu Ilorin ta koma ƙarƙashin mulkin Kamfanin Royal Naija, wanda su babbar manufarsu ita ce cin gajiyar wannan ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi da Ilorin ta ke da shi saboda zamowarta mahaɗa. Tun daga wannan lokaci har zuwa 1900, Kamfanin Royal Naija shi ke cin moriyar wannan ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi na Ilorin.
Shigowar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka
A cikin watan Yuli (June) na shekarar 1900, Wakilin (Resident) Ingila na farko ya sauka Ilorin biyowa bayan ayyana zamowar Ilorin ƙarƙashin mulkin Mallakar Turawa da Lord Lugard ya yi. Daɓid Carnegie shi aka tura a matsayin wakilin riƙon ƙwarya. Zuwansa wannan masarauta ya samu tarba daga Sarki Sulaimanu. Duk da cewa Sarki Sulaimanu ya yi maraba da zuwan Daɓid, sauran muƙarrabansa wato Balogun babu wanda ya na'amta da wannan yanayi. Maimakon haka duk sai suka bijire, saboda tsayuwarsu a kan cewa a koyarwar addinin Musulunci ba a yarda Musulmi ya zauna ƙarƙashin shugabancin kafiri ba kamar yadda ya zo a Ƙur'ani da Hadisan Manzon Allah (SAW). Duba (Omoiya, 2014). A cikin rahotansa na isowarsa garin Ilorin, Daɓid, ya aikawa da shugaban Turawan Mulkin mallaka da ke Legas wato Lord Lugard, irin halin da ya samu garin cewa jama'a sun yi masa tawaye amma sarki ya yi maraba da shi kuma ma yana bada haɗin kai. Saboda haka abu mafi dacewa shi ne a san yadda za a magance wannan matsala. Ba jimawa da aika wannan takarda sai Daɓid ya mutu. Bayan mutuwarsa aka kawo sabon wakili mai suna P. Dwyer. Shima dai bata-sauya-zani ba, ya sake fuskantar bore daga waɗannan Balogun da sauran mabiyansu. Shima ya sake aikewa da nasa rahoton yana mai neman a ɗauki mataki a kan waɗannan Balogun, musamman ma Balogun Alanamu. Da aka turo sojoji suka zo suka damƙe Balogun Alanamu, sai jama'a suka nuna rashin amincewarsu da haka. Farko an kaishi garin Jebba daga baya kuma zuwa Lokoja (Omiya, 2005).
Manazarta:
Ɗanmole H.O. (2011). Religion, Politics and the Economy in Nineteenth Century Ilorin: Some Reflections. An Ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: http://www.cils.unilorin.edu. ng/lecture/PDL.pdf
Omoiya Y. S. (2013). The location of economic potentials of a frontier community in Nigeria: An exploit on Ilorin in the 20th Century. Department of History and International Studies University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: www.ijhssi.org.
Omoiya Y.S. (2014). The Survival of an Emirate System by Dr S Y Omoiya: an ciro a shekarar 2016 daga shafin: https://unilorin.edu.ng/publications/omoiya/The%20 Surviv%20DOmoiya.pdf
Omoiya Y.S. (2005). The Power Play in African Political System: A Study of British Collaborators in Ilorin 1900-1959. Alóre, vol. 15 2005, Ilorin Journal of the Humanities. An Ciro a shekarar 2016 daga shafin: https://unilorin.edu.ng/Publica- tions/omoiya/OmoIya.pdf
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