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Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya

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Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Nijeriya, 1999 Sashe na 1 ya ce:

  1. Wannan Tsarin Mulkin shi ne mafifici a kan kowace dokar da aka yi a ƙasa, kuma ƙai’idojin cikinsa suna kan kowace hukuma da jama’ar da ke faɗin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Nijeriya.
  2.  Ba za a mulki Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Nijeriya ko kuma wani mutum ko wata ƙungiya ta karɓi ragamar mulkin Nijeriya ko wani ɓangarenta ba, sai dai bisa tafarkin da wannan Tsarin Mulki ya shimfiɗa.
  3.  Idan aka samu saɓani tsakanin wata doka da tanade-tanaden wannan Tsarin Mulki, to wannan Tsarin Mulkin shi za a bi, kuma sassan waccan doka da suka saɓa wa wannan Tsarin Mulkin ba za su yi aiki ba.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya abin da aka kira Constitution of the Federal Republic or Nigeria a Turance shi ne ƙunshin tsarin muhimman dokokin Tarayyar Nijeriya.

Daga zamanin mulkin-mallakar da Turawan Birtaniya suka yi wa wannan Nijeriya zuwa ‘yancin kan Nijeriya da kuma bayan ‘yancin kan, Nijeriya tana da kundaye Tsarin Mulki da kowane yake a matsayin sabuntawa daga magabacinsa. Ita kuwa wannan sabuntawa ba komai ba ce illa cire wasu dokokin, faɗaɗa wasu da kuma ƙara wasu. Gas u kamar haka:

  1. 1922: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Clifford.
  2. 1946: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Richard.
  3. 1951: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Macpherson.
  4. 1954: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Lyttleton.
  5. 1958: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1958
  6. 1960: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin ‘Yancin Kai.
  7. 1963: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1963.
  8. 1979: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1979.
  9. 1999: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1999

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Clifford

Shi ne Kundin Tsarin Mulkin da Babban Gwamnan Nijeriya, Sir Hugh Clifford ya tsara a shekarar 1922 domin ya samu cikakkiyar damar gudanar da mulkinsa cikin sauƙi. Dakta Ezera (1957) ya ce an ɗauki kusan ɗaya bisa huɗu na ƙarni guda (1922 – 1946), ana amfani da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Clifford.

Wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki shi ya fara kafa tubulin zaɓen wakilai a Nijeriya tare kuma da fagen kafa jama’iyyun siyasa a Nijeriya.

Ƙunshin Dokoki

  1. Samar da majalisun Dokoki da na Zartarwa.
  2. Majalisar Dokoki tana da mambobi 46. Goma ne daga cikin waɗannan mambobi suke ‘yan ƙasa. Suma kuma, 4 ne kawai ake zaɓa daga cikin 10, 1 daga Kalaba, 3 kuma daga Lagos. Wannan majalisa ita ke da alhakin tallafawa ko taimakawa Gwamna wajen gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi mulki ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa sun samawa gwamnati farin jini, goyon baya, haɗin kai tare kuma da sada tsakanin gwamnati da talakawa.
  3. Majisar Zartarwa tana da mambobi na dindindin guda goma. Ita aikin ta yana kama da bayar da shawa ga Gwamna. Dakta Ikpeze (2010), ya jero mambobin wannan majalisa kamar haka: Babban Gwamna; Babban Sakatare; Gwamnonin Yankuna (Guda uku); Mai Kula da Lagos (Administrator for Lagos); Babban Akawu; Shugaban Rundunar Mayaƙa; Shugaban Sashen Lafiya; Shugaban Kwastam da kuma Sakataren Al’amuran Gargajiya. Babu ɗan ƙasa ko ɗaya a cikin wannan majalisa. 

Tasgaro

  1. Ya mayar da Arewacin Nijeriya saniyar ware, domin bata da wakilci a majalisa.
  2. Babu wakilcin ‘yan ƙasa a Majalisar Zartarwa.

Samuwar ra’ayin murradin samun ‘yancin kai daga matasan ‘yan kishin ƙasa ƙarƙashin shugabancin Herbart Macaulay da kuma Dakta Nnamdi Azikiwe, yawaitar kafafen yaɗa labaru na gida, yawaitar samuwar ƙungiyoyin masu sana’a da sauran su da aka samu bayan ƙare Yaƙin Duniya Na Biyu, sun bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen ingiza sabunta wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Clifford, kamar yadda Dakta Ezera (1957) ya bayyana.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Richard

Kundin Tsarin mulkin Richards shi ne kundin tsarin mulkin Nijeriya da aka kira Richards Constitution a Turance. Kundin tsarin mulki ne da aka samar da shi a shekarar 1946 a zamanin mulkin Babban Gwamnan Nijeriya (Governor General), Sir Arthur Richards wanda daga sunansa aka sakawa Tsarin Mulkin suna Richards Constitution.

Tun da farko, tsohon Babban Gwamnan Nijeriya mai barin gado, Sir Bernard Bourdillon ne ya kafa ɗan-bar samar da wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulkin a matsayin sabuntawa ga na baya. Domin kawo ƙarshen yadda jahohin Nijeriya guda uku na lokacin; Jahar Arewa, Jahar Yamma da kuma Jahar Gabas suke tafiyarwa tare kuma da kafa dokoki sakamakon abin da ya kunno kai na muradin samun ‘yancin kai daga ‘yan fafutikar ‘yan siyasar Kudanci. Barin kujera da Sir Bernard Bourdillon ya yi sai shi kuma Sir Arthur Richardson ya ɗora daga gurin da ya tsaya. Bayan kammala wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki ne aka fara aiki da shi a shekarar 1946.

Dakta Ezera (1957) ya ce, wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulkin shi ne ya samar da tsarin yanki-yanki (Regionalism) a Nijeriya wanda ya raba yankuna zuwa Yankin Arewa (Northern Region), Yankin Gabas (Eastern Region) da kuma Yankin Yamma (Western Region).

Ƙunshin Dokoki

Muhimman dokokin da wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya zo da su sun haɗa da:

  1. Kafa Majalisun Dokokin Jahohi tare kuma da samar da wakilai ‘yan ƙasa a Majalisar Ikko.
  2. Samar da Majalisar Sarakuna a iya Jahar Arewa kawai, amma daga baya Jahar Yamma ta kwaikwaya.
  3. Jama’ar ƙasa su za su zaɓi wakilan majalisun dokokinsu.
  4. Kafa Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya mai zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da Majalisun Dokokin Jahohi za su zaɓa.
  5. Ƙara Yawan Mambobin Majalisar Zartarwa tare kuma da shigar da ‘yan ƙasa guda biyu a cikinta.

Tasgaro

‘Yan kishin ƙasa na Kudanci musamman mutane irin su Herbart Macaulay, Dakta Nmandi Azikwe da sauran makamantan su, sun soki wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki da cewa:

  1. An samar da shi ba tare da an tuntuɓi ‘yan ƙasa ba.
  2. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin bai yi tanadin komai game da miƙa mulki a hannun ‘yan ƙasa ba.
  3. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin bai ce komai ba game da ƙara yawan wakilai ‘yan ƙasa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya.
  4. Hanyar gudanar da zaɓe da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin ya zayyana a cike take da sarƙaƙiya tare kuma da tauye haƙƙi.

Wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai yi tsawon rai ba. Ezera (1957) ya bayyana cewa, shi a tasa fahimtar wasu dalilai guda biyu ne suka sabauta sabunta wannan kundin tsarin mulki. Na farko, sabon sauyi da aka samu a fannin tattalin ariziƙi da kuma siyasa waɗanda suka afku gab da zuwan Sir John Macpherson a matsayin Babban Gwamnan Nijeriya a shekarar 1948. Sai kuma abu na biyu wanda shi ne ruruwar wutar ƙabilanci mai zafi tsakanin shugabannin siyasar Yarabawa da Inyamurai, wanda wannan shi ne karon farko da matsananciyar adawa ta bayyana a fili a tsakaninsu. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, sai Sir John Macpherson ya ayyana sabunta kundin tsarin mulkin.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Macpherson

Shi ne wanda aka kira da Macpherson Constitution a Turance. An samar da shi a shekarar 1951, samuwar sa sakamako ne na bai wa ‘yan ƙasa damar tsoma hannunsu a cikin al’amarin mulki da kuma samar da dokoki. Saboda haka, shi ne kundin tsarin mulki na farko da ‘yan ƙasa suka tsoma bakinsu a cikin al’amuran samar da shi. Ezera (1957) ya  bayyana cewa an ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo ana gudanar da tarurrukan kundin tsarin mulki (Constitutional Conferences) tun daga matakin karkara zuwa gunduma zuwa lardi zuwa yankuna wanda daga ƙarshe kuma aka ƙarƙare da babban taron Ibadan. Ya ce (Ezera, 1957), wata gaɓa mafi muhimmanci ita ce cewa mambobin tarurrukan kusan dukka zallan ‘yan Nijeriya ne.

Deji (2013) ya ce Kwamatin Kundin Tsarin mulkin sun bayar da wasu shawarwarin da suka kai ga samuwar wasu dokoki kamar yadda za a gani a ƙasa:

Shawarwarin Kwamatin Kundin Tsarin Dokokin Macpherson

  1. A ɗora Nijeriya a tafarkin Tsarin Gwamnatin Tarayya (Federal System of Government) daga yankunanta guda uku.
  2. A samar da babbar Majalisar Dokoki mai suna Majalisar Wakilai da kuma Babbar Majalisar Zartarwa mai suna Majalisar Jaha (Council of state).
  3. Babbar Majalisar Dokoki ta samu ikon tantancewa, gyara ko kuma ma yin fatali da dokokin Majalisun Dokokin yankuna idan har lamarin ya ci karo da wani abu da ya shafi dukkanin ƙasa.
  4. A kafa Kwamatin Tantance Iyakokin Lardunan (i) Ilori da Oyo da Ondo (ii) Kabba da Ondo da Binin da Anaca. Daga ƙarshe kuma su bai wa Gwamna shawara.

An gudanar da muhawarori game da waɗannan shawarwari da ma wasun su, daga ƙarshe kuma aka cimma matsaya a kan:

  1. Kafa Majalisar Tarayya mai suna Majalisar Wakilai da kuma Babbar Majalisar Zartarwa mai suna Majalisar Ministoci.
  2. Kafa Majalisun Dokoki da na Zartarwa a yankunan Arewa, Yamma da kuma Gabas.
  3. Majalisun Yankunan Arewa da na Yamma sun rabu gida biyu; majalisun dokoki da kuma majalisun sarakuna. Yankin Gabas kuma suna da majalisa ɗaya rak, wato ta dokoki.

Muhammadu da Aliyu (2003), suka ce wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya zo da cikakken tsarin Gwamnatin Tarayya mai helikwata a Ikko ta hanyar haɗakar jahohin Nijeriya guda uku. Shi kuma Ezere (1957), ya ce muhimman abubuwan da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin ya zo da su su ne mayar da Nijeriya mai kama da Tarayya tare kuma da ƙarfafar tsarin yanki-yanki da magabacin sa ya zo da shi. Sannan kuma ya zo da tsarin gwamnatin ministoci lamarin da ya bayar da damar kafa jama’iyyun siyasa a yankuna da kuma fitar da salon zaɓe na bai ɗaya.

Tasgaro

Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya samu tasgaro ta fuskacin gudanarwa sakamakon dakatar da gudanar da Majalisar Tarayya Jamhuriya Nijeriya da aka yi a shekarar 1953 (Ezere, 1957; Princewill, 2015).

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Lyttleton

Kundin tsari ne da aka samar da shi sakamakon sabunta magabacinsa wato Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Macpherson. A watan Yulin shekarar 1953 aka gudanar da wani zama a ofishin sakataren Mulkin-Mallaka da ke Ingila domin sabunta Kundin Tsarin Mulkin wanda kuma daga baya aka kammala shi a Ikko a shekarar 1954.

Wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki shi ne ya share hawayen ‘yan Nijeriya game da muradinsu na samun ‘yancin kai ta hanyar shimfiɗa dokokin da suka kai ga Mai Martaba Sarauniya ‘Yarzabil ta biyu ta damƙa wa ‘yan ƙasa kayayyakin ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1960.

Ƙunshin Dokoki

  1. Sake wa Nijeriya fuskar zama Tarayyar Jahohi da kuma samar da Lagos a matsayin Babban Birnin Tarayya (Na lokacin).
  2. Fayyace yadda Majalisun Dokokin Tarayya da na Jahohi za su riƙa yin dokoki.
  3. Canja salon tsarin zaɓen wakilan Majalisun Tarayya daga salon zaɓen su ta hanyar ‘yan majalisun jahohi zuwa zaɓar su kai tsaye daga ‘yan ƙasa tare kuma da ƙara yawan wakilan.
  4. Naɗa ministoci uku daga kowace jaha ta hanyar tuntuɓar jama’iyya mafi rinjaye a jaha sannan kuma da minista ɗaya daga yankin helikwata wato Ikko.
  5. Ɗora alhakin gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati da kuma gudanar da harkokin shari’a a ƙarƙashin jahohi. Abin nufi da wannan shi ne bai wa jahohi damar tsara ayyukan jaha tare da na shari’a ta yadda zai dace da addini, al’adu da sauran abubuwan da suka keɓanta da jahar.
  6. Kafa Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Tarayya domin tantance shari’o’in da Manyan Kotunan Jahohi suka gudanar idan buƙatar hakan ta taso.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1957

Sabuntawa ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Lyttleton. An gudanar da taron samar da wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki a watan Mayun shekarar 1957 a Lancaster House da ke Ingila.

Ƙunshin Dokoki

  1. Bayar da cikakken ‘yancin kai ga Jahohin Gabas da Yamma na Nijeriya a ranar 8/8/1958.
  2. Daidata ƙarfin ikon firimiyan Jahar Arewa da na Jahohin Kudu guda biyu; Jahar Gabas da ta Yamma.
  3. Jinkirta ‘yancin kan Jahar Arewa zuwa ranar 15/3/1959 kamar yadda Jahar Arewan ta nema bisa la’akari da ƙarancin ‘yan bokon da za su riƙe madafun ikon jahar.
  4. Raba zauren Majalisar Tarayya zuwa gida biyu; Majalisar Dattawa da kuma Majalisar Wakilai, tare da cewa:
  5. Majalisar Dattawa tana gaba da Majalisar Wakilai;
  6. Majalisar Dattawa za ta ƙunshi wakilai 8 daga kowace jaha, cewa kuma Majalisun Jahohin ne za su zaɓi wakilan ta hanyar gudanar da zaman haɗin guiwa sannan kuma Ikko za ta bayar da wakilai 4, shi kuma Babban Gwamna zai naɗa wakilai 4 inda daga ƙarshe za a samu wakilai 32 a jimilance.
  7. Majalisar Wakilai za ta ƙunshi wakilai 320 a jimilance ta hanyar zaɓo wakilan bisa la’akari da yawan jama’ar jaha.
  8. Majalisar Zartarwa za ta ƙunshi wakilan da Firimiya zai naɗa su da kansa.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1958

Taron Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1958, shi ya samar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1958 wanda yake sabuntawa ce ta wanda ya gabace shi. Manyan dalilan da suka sabauta aiwatar da waɗannan gyare-gyare tare kuma da yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin gyaran sun haɗa da yunƙurin ‘yan kishin ƙasa na ganin cewa ‘yan ƙasa sun samu cikakken ‘yanci ta hanyar basu muhimman damammakin ‘yanci ababen tabbatarwa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da kuma kula da gudanarwar Hukumar ‘Yan sanda ta bai ɗaya.

Sauye-Sauye

  1. Samar da ‘yan ƙasanci a Nijeriya.
  2. Ɓuɗe Majalisar Sanatoci.
  3. Bayar da damar ƙirƙirar sababbin Yankuna (Regions).
  4. Bai wa Kudancin Kamaru ‘yancin kai abin da ya basu damar zama ‘yan ƙasar Kamaru a watan Maris na shekarar 1961 ta hanyar kaɗa ƙuri’un goyon baya.
  5. Shirya zaɓen 1959 wanda ya bai wa NPC da NCNC damar kafa gwamnatin haɗin guiwa.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin ‘Yanci 1960

Shi ne sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin da Nijeriya ta fara amfani da shi a matsayin ‘yantacciyar ƙasa a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1960.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin ya ci gaba da bin sawun turbar dimokuraɗiyyar Ingila na salon Gwamnatin Firimiya.

Dokar Majalisar Ingila mai taken: “Dokar da za ta samar da gurbi ga, wadda kuma take da alaƙa da bayar da ‘yancin kai ga Nijeriya domin samu cikakken matsayin a ƙasashen renon Ingilishi”, kamar yadda ya zo a Ikpeze (2010).

Ikpeze (2010), ya ci gaba da cewa wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki biyar ne cikin ɗaya; wato ɗaya ga Gwamnatin Trayayya sauran kuma ga Yankunan Arewa, Gabas, Tsakiyar-Yamma da Yamma. Ya canja matsayi da kuma sunan Nijeriya daga wadda ake reno zuwa ‘yantacciyar ƙasa a cikin wasu kalamai na Mai Martaba Sarauniya ‘Yarzabil II, kamar haka:
Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Sarauniya a Birtaniya bata da wata ɗawainiya a cikin gudanar da Nijeriya ko kuma wani yankinta (Ikpeze, 2010).

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya na 1963

Shi ne Kundin Tsarin Mulki na farko da ‘yan majalisar Nijeriya suka rattabawa hannu ya zama doka. Amma dukkan magabatansa da aka ambata a baya, Turawan Birtaniya ne suke amincewa da shi domin ya zama doka bayan an rubuta shi.

Ga shelar samar da wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki kamar yadda ya zo a Ikpeze (2010):
An samar da dokar Majalisa (Act) da ta samar da gurbin da za a samar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Nijeriya, bisa manufa ta haɗa kan jama’armu da kuma yin imani da ƙasarmu ta haihuwa. Da kuma manufa ta haɓɓaka haɗin kai a tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka tare kuma da goyawa juna baya, domin samar da zaman lafiya a duniya tare kuma da fahimtar juna a tsakanin ƙasashen duniya domin faɗaɗa ‘yanci, daidaito da kuma adalci a ciki da kuma wajen ƙasa baki ɗaya.

Mu mutanen Nijeriya, ta hanyar wakilnamu da suka hallara a nan, mun shelanta cewa mun samar wa da kanmu wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki:

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1979

Shi ne kundin tsarin mulkin da ya sauya tsarin siyasar Nijeriya daga salon siyasar Ingila na Firimiya zuwa salon dimokuraɗiyyar Amurka na Shugaba mai cikakken iko wanda bayan an kammala shi ya zama doka, ya samar da Alhaji Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari a Matsayin shugaban ƙasar farko da ya fara aiwatar da wannan kundin tsarin mulki.

An samar da wannan kundin tsarin mulki ne ta hanyar kafa Kwamati mai mutane hamsin da ɗaya wanda daga baya suka zama hamsin cif, sakamakon rashin amincewa da shiga kwamatin da Cif Awolowo ya yi a zamanin Janar Murtala (Ikpeze, 2010; Yakasai, 2004).

Wannan kwamati mai mutane hamsin shi ya rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya na 1979 daga baya kuma aka kafa Majalisar Kundin Tsarin Mulki wadda ta zauna ta tantance wannan rubutaccen Kundin Tsarin Mulki sannan kuma daga baya ta rattaba hannu a matsayin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin da Nijeriya za ta ci gaba da amfani da shi.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1999

Shelar samar da Tsarin Mulkin 1999 wanda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Nijeriya:

Mu al’ummar Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Nijeriya: Mun ƙudurta a bayyane da kuma a zuci:

…Haka nan mun yi ƙudurin samar da Tsarin Mulki wanda zai inganta mulki da kyautatuwar rayuwa ga dukkan jama’ar da ke zaune a cikin ƙasarmu a bisa aƙidar ‘yanci, daidaito da adalci da nufin tabbatar da haɗin-kai tsakanin mutanenmu.

Don haka mun shirya, mun kafa, mun kuma kallafa wa kanmu tanade-tanaden wannan Tsarin Mulki kamar haka: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1999.

Shi wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki shi ne wanda a yanzu haka ake amfani da shi wanda yake kuma sabuntawa ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 1979.

Manazarta

Abubakar A. T. (2001). Maitama Sule Ɗanmasanin Kano. Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria-Nigeria.

Deji A. M. (2013). Historical Background of Nigerian Politics, 1900-1960. Department of History and Archaeology, Taraba State University Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 16, Issue 2 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 84-94 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. An ciro daga shafin: www.iosrjournals.org a shekarar 2019

Ezera K. (1957). Nigeria's Constitutional Road to Independence Uniɓersity College, Ibadan-Nigeria.

Ikpeze O. V. C. (2010). Constitutionalism and Development in Nigeria: The 1999 Constitution and Role of Lawyers. Department of International Law/Jurisprudence, Faculty of Law, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Muhammad da Isma'il. (2003). Tarihin Shehu Shagari. An buga a TPCS Ltd/Al-Rissalah Printing and Publishing Co. (Nig) Ltd. Domin M and I Essence Publi sher, Kaduna-Nigeria.

Prince Will O. O. (2015). Evolution of Constitutional Government in Nigeria: Its Implementation National Cohesion. Department of Political Science Faculty of the Social Sciences Delta State University. Abraka Global Journal of Political Science and Administration Vol.3, No.5, pp.1-8, September 2015, European Centre for Research Training and Development UK. An ciro daga shafin www.eajournals.org, a shekarar 2019

Yakasai T. (2004). Tanko Yakasai, The Story of a Humble Life, An Autobiography, Volume I. Goverment Printers, Kano-Nigeria.

Yakasai T. (2004). Tanko Yakasai, The Story of a Humble Life, An Autobiography, Volume II. Goverment Printers, Kano-Nigeria.

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