Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiye

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Shafin Farko

Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiye



Gidan Shehu na Ɗagel

Gabatarwa

Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiye, mutum ne mai tsoron Allah, masanin addini, wanda ya sake jadadda addinin Musulunci a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara; ya kafa daular Musulunci mai faɗi, ƙarfi da kuma tasiri. Ya yi da’awa ta hanyar wa’azi, da kuma rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙi a cikin harshen Fullanci, abin da ya haifar da samun mabiya daga sassa daban-daban na garuruwan baƙaƙe, wanda kuma ya haifar da gwabza yaƙuƙuwa tsakanin sa da sarakunan Ƙasar Hausa har ta kai ga ya kafa Daula.

An haife shi a garin Maratta wacce yanzu ta ke cikin ƙasar Nijar. Daga nan mahaifinsa ya yi hijira zuwa garin Ɗagel, wacce ita kuma yanzu tana cikin yankin Gobir. A wannan gari na Ɗagel ya girma, ya kuma yi karatu, sannan ya fara kira zuwa ga bin Allah. Daga baya ya yi hijira zuwa Gudu (daji ne a lokacin), kama-kama har zuwa tarewarsa a garin Sakkwato wanda a nan ya rasu, aka kuma binne shi a cikin ɗakin da ya rasu a cikin gidansa wanda kuma daga baya gidan nasa ya rikiɗe ya zama hubbarensa da kuma maƙabartar binne sarakunan Musulunci da sauran jama’ar da ke kewaye da wannan Unguwa.

Haihuwarsa

An haifi Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiye a ranar Lahadi 15 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1754. Shi ɗa ne ga wani malami da ake cewa Muhammadu Fodiye. Sunan mahaifiyarsa Hawwa’u. Shehu Usmanu Bafulatani ne a Ƙabila.

Cikakken sunansa shi ne Usmanu bn Muhammad bn Saleh. Ana kuma kiransa da Shehu Usmanu bn Fodiye. Wannan kalma ta Shehu, kalma ce ta larabci, wacce ke da ma’ana ta tsoho, ana kuma amfani da ita wajen kiran wani babban malami dan girmamawa. Kalmar Fodiye kuwa, kalmar Fullanci ce, wacce ke da ma’ana ta malami, wacce kuma suna ne da aka riƙa kiran mahaifin Shehu da shi. Ana kiran mahaifin nasa da wannan suna na Fodiye ne saboda karantarwa da ya ke yi. Da aka haife shi sai aka gwama kalmomi guda biyu; ɗaya ta Larabci wato bn wacce ke da ma’ana ta ɗa, da kuma ɗaya ta Fulatanci wato Fodiye, wacce ke da ma’ana ta malam. Kenan idan aka ce bn Fodiye, to ana nufin ɗan-malam ko ɗanmalam. Kenan idan aka ce Usman bn Fodiye, ana nufin Usman Ɗanmalam. Idan kuma aka ƙara kalmar Shehu wacce ita Balarabiyar kalma ce, to sunan yakan koma Shehu Usmanu bn Fodiye, kuma wannan shi ne sunan da ya fi shahara da shi. Haka nan ma ana kiransa da Shehu Mujadaddi.

Tasowarsa

Shehu Usmanu bn Fodiye ya tashi a gaban mahaifansa. Ya fara karatunsa na Ƙur’ani a hannun mahaifinsa. Ya kuma yi karatuttukansa na Larabci da suka haɗa da yare da kuma nahawu a hannun wani malami mai suna Abdullahi bn Ahmad. Ya yi karatun littattafai da suka kama daga Ishiriniya da makamantanta a hannun wani malami mai suna Usman Bindo mutumin Kabi.

Ya kuma karanta Mukhtasar a wajen baffansa kuma ɗan’uwansa Shehi Bindo, wanda kuma shi wannan malami, ya shahara wajen tsoron Allah, kawo gyara da kuma umarni da aikata kyawawan aiki da kuma hani da aikata mummunan aiki, da kuma mayar da hankali ga abin da ya ke gabansa. Wannan malami shi ne malamin da Shehu ya yi koyi da shi wajen halaye da kuma ayyuka. Ya zauna a wajen sa tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan kuma ya ɗabi’antu da ɗabi’un wannan malami ta fuskacin jin tsoron Allah, da kuma umarni da aikata kyakkyawan aiki da kuma hani da barin aikata mummunan aiki.

Daga nan kuma sai Shehu ya tafi zuwa ga Shehi Jibirilu, ya zauna a wajensa tsawon shekara guda. Ya yi karatu a wajensa. Daga baya suka tafi garin Agadas tare da wannan malami a kan hanyar sa ta tafiya aikin Hajji. Da suka iso Agadas sai Shehi Jibirilu ya mayar da Shehu zuwa ga mahaifinsa kasantuwar bai nemi izinin tafiya da shi aikin hajjin ba.

Daga nan kuma sai Shehu ya koyi fassarar Al-Ƙur’ani a hannun ɗan baffansa, kuma abokin wasan sa (‘ya’yan baffani) mai suna Ahmadu ɗan Muhammadu Aminu. Ya kuma halarci majalisin fassarar Al-Ƙur’ani na Hashim mutumin Zamfara, ya saurari fassarar Al-Ƙur’ani tun daga farkonsa har zuwa ƙarshe.

Ya kuma yi karatun Hadisi na Sahihul Bukhari dukkaninsa a hannun baffansa Muhammadu bn Raji, sannan kuma ya jaza masa dukkan abubuwan da ya ruwaito. Haka Shehu ya jajirce wajen neman ilimi har sai da ya kai matsayin malami abin dogaro.

Jihadin Shehu

Jihadi shi ne yaƙi dan ɗaukaka addinin Musulunci wanda kuma aiki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci da kuma tarin lada a addinin Musulunci. Wannan Jahadi na Shehu Usmanu bn Fodiye an yi shi a matakai guda uku: Kira, ƙaura da kuma gwabza yaƙi.

Shehu ya fara kira lokacin yana da shekaru 20 da haihuwa a cikin shekarar 1188 hijira (1774 miladiyya). Ya yi wannan kira nasa ne ta hanyar wa’azi, da kuma rubuta waƙoƙi cikin harshen Fullanci. Shehu yana tsaka da wannan kira sai umarnin kora daga ƙasar Gobir ya zo masa daga Sarkin Gobir Yunfa, abin da ya sabauta masa yin hijira zuwa ga ƙungurmin dajin Gudu.

Bayan isarsu Gudu, sai suka ci gaba da wannan kira, wanda shi kuma shi ne ya buɗe kafar fafata yaƙi tsakanin rundunar kafirci da kuma jama’ar Shehu masu kira zuwa ga tafarkin Allah. An ɗauki shekaru ana yaƙuƙuwa daga wannan gari zuwa wancan, wanda daga ƙarshe, Shehu da jama’arsa suka yi galaba a kan Sarkin Gobir Yunfa da jama’arsa suka kuma kafa cibiyar Daular su a Sakkwato, a cikin shekarar 1229 hijira.


Zauren/Majalisar Shehu Sakkwato

Zamowar Shehu Jagoran Musulmi

Shugabancin Shehu Usanu bn Fodiye yana farawa ne daga ranar da jama’arsa suka yi masa mubaya’a bayan hijirarsa zuwa Gudu. A cikin shekarar 1218 bayan hijira. Ya riƙe wannan matsayi na jagoranci Musulmi tsawon shekaru goma sha uku da watanni bakwai (1218 – 1231).

‘Ya’yan Shehu bn Fodiye

Sarkin Musuli Muhammadu Ballo ya kawo jerin sunayen waɗannan Mutane a matsayin ‘ya’yan Shehu Usmanu bn Fodiye:

Muhammadu Sa’ad

Ali

Muhammadu Sabo

Muhammadu Ballo

Abubakar

Umar

Muhammadu Bukhari

Muhammadu Hajj

Hassan

Aakhiru Ƙarami

Khadijatu

A’shatu

Fatimatu

Hafsatu

A’ishatu

Saudatu

Asma’u

Hannatu

Littattafan

Wasu kaɗan daga cikin litattafan da Shehu ya wallafa:

  • Kitabun-Nurul Auliya.
  • Umdatul Bayan.
  • Kitabul Ulumul Mu’aamalat.
  • Umdatul Ulama.
  • Umdatul Muta’abbidiin wal Mutaharrifiin.
  • Mir’atuɗɗullaab.
  • Hisnul Afhaam Min Juyushul Auhaam.
  • Asaaniidu-ddha’iif.
  • Salasilul Zhbaiyya.
  • Umdatul Ibaad.
  • Kaffuɗ-Ɗlibiina an Tafkiiru Awaamul Musuliin
  • Umdatud-Da’awatul Ibaad Ila Kitaabullahi.
  • Usulul Wilaya
  • Targiibu Ibaadillah fi Hifzi Uluumi Diinillah.
  • Rujuu-ul Sheikhul Sanawiy Anittash’diidi Fiit-taƙlid.
  • Tayizul Musliiin Minal Kafiriin.
  • Kitabut-Tasawwuf.
  • Talkhiisu Kitbul Haarisul Muhaasibi.
  • Kitabu Masa’ilul Ummatul Muhammadiyya.
  • Kitabul Faslil Auwal.
  • Kitbu Suuƙussaadiƙiin.
  • Ihya’ussunna wa Ikhmadil Bid’ati.
  • Kitabusshafaa-ul Galili fi Kulli a Ashkala min Kalau Sheikuna Jibiril.
  • Masa’ilul Muhimmat.
  • Kitabul Jihad.
  • Tanbiihul Gafiliina.

Masallacin Shehu Sakkwato

Garuruwan da Shehu ya Zauna

Tun daga farkon kiran Shehu zuwa tabbatar da garin Sakkwato a matsayin cibiyar Daular Musulunci da Shehun ya kafa, Shehu Usmanu ya zauna a garuruwa da dama. Musamman lokacin da ya ke wa’azi kafin yin hijira, ya zauna a kusan dukkan garuruwan yankunan Gobir, Zamfara da kuma Kabbi. Amma duk haka, ana kiyaye waɗannan garuruwa a matsayin waɗanda Shehun ya zauna, waɗanda kuma har yau akan samu wasu abubuwa da ke tabbatar da zamansa a gurin. Garuruwan su ne:

  1. Maratta: nan ne asalin garin da aka haifi Shehu.
  2. Ɗagel: shi ne garin da mahaifan Shehu suka zo da shi yana yaro, suka rene shi a nan har ya girma a garin, ya kuma fara kiransa a garin. Wannan gari shi ne tushen kiran Shehu.
  3. Gudu: shine garin da Shehu ya zauna gudun hijira

Rasuwarsa

Shehu Usmanu bn Fodiye ya rasu a ranar Litinin can ƙarshen dare (daidai lokacin sahur) cikin shekarar 1231 bayan hijira. Ya rasu yana da shekaru sittin da uku a duniya. Ya rasu a garin Sakkwato a gidansa da ke cikin Unguwar Sabon Birni wacce a yanu ake kira Hubbaren Shehu.


Ƙofar Gidan/Hubbaren Shehu Sakkwato

Manazarta:


Adamu A. da Gwadabe M.M. (2005). Alhaji Muhammadu Macciɗo Abubakar III The 19th  Sultan of Sokoto The Bridge Builder. Amana Publishing LTD., 4, Sokoto Road, Zariya, Kaduna – Nijeriya.

Ballo M. (1974). Infaƙul Maisuri Fii Taarikhi Bilaadittukruur. Daarul Kutub, 1974.

Boyi U.M. (Ba shekarar bugu). Mallam Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo Rayuwarsa da Ayyukansa. K.U.B. Printing Press Sokoto Nigeria.

Bukhari J. (1954). Nubzatun Ƙasiiratun Ala Taariikhi Sakkwato (Rubutun Hannu cikin Harshen Larabci).

Idris M. B. (2013). From Maratta to Sokoto. Sultanate Council, Sokoto - Nigeria.

Last M. (1977). The Sokoto Caliphate. Longman Group LTD., London. An buga a Maɗaba’ar Sheck War Tang, Hong Kong.

Waziri Junaidu. (Ba kwanan wata). Labɗul Multaƙaɗaati Minal Akhbaaril Muftariƙatu Fil Mu’allifaati. (Rubutun Hannu Cikin Harshen Larabci).


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