Shafin Farko

Masu Larurar Hankali

Gabatarwa

Binciken ilimi ya gano wasu dalilai masu dama da ke haifar da wannan larura ta hankali. Saboda yawan da suke da shi, sai aka karkasa su zuwa rukunai guda uku bisa la’akari da lokacin samuwa larurar:

  1. Kafin Haihuwa (Pre-natal).
  2. Lokacin Haihuwa (Perinatal).
  3. Bayan Haihuwa (Post-Natal).

Kafin Haihuwa

Shi ne lokacin da ake kira Pre-Natal a Turance. Binciken kimiyya a fannin ilimin musamman ya gano cewa, ɗan tayi na samun larurar hankali a lokacin goyon ciki; wato tun kafin a haife shi. Kaɗan daga cikin irin waɗannan dalilai akwai:

  1. Muhalli (Environment): Abubuwa masu tarin yawa da ke kewaye da muhallin da mace mai goyon ciki take raye, yana iya haifar da matsaloli gare ta da kuma ɗan tayin da ke cikinta. Waɗanda ke kaiwa ga larurar hankali daga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwa akwai:
  2. Ƙarancin abinci (Maternal malnutrition): Rashin samun isasshen abinci mai ɗauke da sinadaran da mace mai goyon ciki ke buƙata tun daga farko samun ciki har zuwa haihuwa na iya taɓa ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan tayi.
  3. Shan barasa: Ɗirkar basarasa a lokacin goyon ciki na iya taɓa ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan tayi.
  4. Yawan kusantar tururi (Excessive radiation): Kusantar tururi mai tsanani a lokacin goyon ciki na iya taɓa ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan tayi. Wannan tururin kuma har da na na’urorin zamani da suka shafi laturonik waɗanda ake kewaye da su a gidaje, kasuwanni, guraren aiki da sauransu.
  5. Cutar Ƙyanda (Maternal measles): Samuwar ciwon ƙyanda ga mace a lokacin goyon ciki yana iya taɓa ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan tayi.
  6. Larurar Ƙwayoyin Halittar Gado (Chromosomal disorder): Shi chromosome, shi ne ƙwayar halittar ɗan’adam. Akan samu waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta da matsala daga ɓangaren ɗaya daga cikin mahaifa ko kuma dukansu biyun. Wannan ita ce larurar gado, saboda tun asali da wannan matsala ciki yake samuwa, kuma akan samu wannan matsala a mabambantan na’uka kamar irin su Fragile X Syndrome, Paradox William Syndrome, Down Syndrome da sauransu.
  7. Larurar Tace Abinci (Errors of Metabolism): A jikin ɗan’adam rayayye da wanda ba a haifa ba, akwai wasu ƙwayoyin halitta da ake kira enzymes a Turance, waɗanda ke da alhakin markaxa abincin da ɗan’adam ya ci tare kuma da tattace shi, su fitar da sinadaran da ke ciki domin amfanin jiki. Rashin yin cikakken aikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da larurar hankali ga ɗan tayi koda kuwa uwar tana cin nau’in abincin da yake cike da sinadaran da jikinta yake buƙata.
  8. Samuwar cututtukan suga, hawan jini, jijjiga, tarin fuka da sauran dangoginsu a lokacin goyon ciki suna sabauta larurar hankali ga ɗan tayi.
  9. Jahilci (Law maternal education).

Za mu taƙaitu da waɗannan dalilai da aka zayyana tare da kyakkyawan fatan mata masu juna biyu da mazajensu za su faɗaɗa bincike tare kuma da yin iya bakin ƙoƙari wajen ganin an kauce wa dukkan matsalar da za a iya kauce mata, domin ya zama ɗawainiya da kwaramniyar da ake sha wajen goyon ciki ta zama mai amfani.

Lokacin Haihuwa

Shi ne lokacin da ake kira Perinatal a Turance. Lokacin da mai ciki ta zo haihuwa, takan ci karo da wasu larurori na haihuwa waɗanda ke kai wa ga ɗan tayi ya samu larurar hankali.

Daga cikin irin waɗannan matsaloli akwai ƙarancin iskar shaƙa; rashin isasshen nauyin haihuwa (Low birth weight). Game da wannan, Smith (2010), ya ce: “Jira-jiran da aka haifa da nauyin da bai haura daraja 2 ba ta ma’aunin nauyin jarirai, suna fuskantar barazanar samun larurar hankali”.

Haka nan ma larurar gaban mace, kamar a ce gaban ya ƙi buɗewa yadda ya kamata, na iya haifar da samuwar larurar hankali ga ɗan tayi; doguwar naƙuda, ita ma hanya ce da ke haifar da larurar hankali ga ɗan tayi.

Bayan Haihuwa

Shi ne lokacin da ake kira Post-Natal a Turance. Haka nan, bincike ya tabbatar da samuwar wasu matsalolin da ke haifar da larurar hankali ga jarirai bayan an haife su. Manya-manya daga cikin irin waɗannan matsaloli akwai:

  1. Shaye-Shaye: Kwankwaɗar barasa, shan ƙwayoyi masu gusar da hankali da shan magani ba bisa ƙa’ida ba ga mahaifiya na iya haifar da larurar hankali ga jariri.
  2. Ƙarancin Abinci: Rashin samun wadataccen abinci mai ɗauke da sinadaran da mace mai shayarwa ke buƙata, yana iya haifar da larurar hankali ga jariri.
  3. Cututtuka: Cututtuka masu yaɗuwa wanɗanda ake iya ɗauka ta hanyar cuɗanya ko iskar shaƙa, na iya taɓa hankalin jariri.
  4. Wariya: Wariya a nan na nufin discrimination. Smith (2010), ya ce, nuna bambanci a tsakanin yara, abu ne da zai iya taɓa ƙwaƙwalwar yara har ta kai ga ta gaza yin aikin da ya dace da ita. Ya kuma alaƙanta samuwar wannan matsala a tsakanin baƙaƙe fiye da fararen fata. A nan kuma iya samun wannan matsala ta nuna wariya a tsakanin iyali, makaranta, ma’aikatun gwamnati da sauransu. Saboda haka abu ne mai kyau, ya zama iyaye, malamai, da masu bayar da tarbiyya su riƙa nuna daidaito a tsakanin yara. Duk abin da za a yi, a yi shi bisa cancanta; a yi wa yara bayanin cewa, duk wanda ya yi abu kaza za a yi masa sakamako da kaza. Saboda haka duk lokacin da aka samu mai hazaƙa ya yi wannan abin, to idan aka yi masa abin da ya dace, sauran yara ba za su damu ba.
  5. Rashin Kula da Kuma Wahalar da Yara: Wannan shi ake kira child abuse and neglect a Turance. Wanda kuma ƙarin bayani a kan haka shi ne saka yara ƙanana ayyukan da suka fi ƙarfinsu tare kuma da rashin basu cikakkiyar kulawa a rayuwa baki ɗaya. Smith (2010), ya ruwaito wani bincike da (CDF, 2001, 2004), ta gudanar wanda ya tabbatar da cewa, yaran da ake bautarwa sun gaza matuƙa, wajen bayar da amsoshin tambayoyin da suka shafi tunani.

Manazarta:


Alhassan F.A. (2015). A Guide in Special Education. Tamasi Computers, Kano, Nigeria.

Child Care Law Centre (1990). Caring for Children With Speciall Need: The Americans With Disablities Act and Childe Care. Child Care Law Centre, USA. 10016, Deekay Printers, India.

National Council of Educational Research and Training (2001). Education of Children With Special Needs. Sri, Aurobinda Marg, New Delhi.

Federal Ministry of Education (2015). National Policy on Special Needs Education. Federal Ministry of Education, Abuja, Nigeria.

National Teachers Institute (2000). NCE/DLS Course Book On Education Cycle 4. National Teachers Institute, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Repp A.C. da Coutinho M.J. (2008). Special Education. Microsoft Encarta 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.