Shuwa Arab

Shuwa-Arab

Gabatarwa

Shuwa-Arab, suna ne na wata ƙabila daga cikin ƙabilun Najeriya wadda take da asali da Jahar Borno da kuma wasu jahohin Kudu-Maso Yammacin Najeriya kamar irin su Lagos, Oyo da sauran su. Bayan Najeriya kuma ana samun su a ƙasashe irin su Chadi, Sudan da sauransu. Wikipedia (2020) sun wallafa cewa yawansu ya haura miliyan shida a duniya. Mutane ne su Larabawa, makiyaya, manoma, fitattu wajen kishin Addinin Musulunci da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen kare addinin da kuma tsayar da shi a duk inda suke. Akwai auratayya tsakanin su da Fulani, mutanen da suka yi tarayya da juna ta fuskacin kiwo da kuma yawon neman guri mai ni’ima domin gudanar da sana’ar kiwo da noma.

Suna

Shuwa-Arab, suna da sunaye mabambanta da ake kiran su da su bisa la’akari da bambancin guri. A ƙasashe irin su Chadi, Kamaru da Sudan ana kiran su da Baggara, wanda kuma jirkitawa ce ta kalmar Larabci wato بَقَارَةٌ Baƙƙara wadda ke nufin mai kiwon saniya. Wannan kuma saboda zamowar su rabi manoma, rabi kuma makiyaya waɗanda ke samu hanyoyin gudanar da rayuwa ta hanyar kiwo, Bethany World Prayer Center, (1997); Jenkins, (2006).

Sai kuma a Najeriya da ake kiran su da suna Shuwa-Arab. Wanda suna ne da aka samar daga kalmomi guda biyu kuma samammu daga harsuna biyu; Kanuri da Larabci aka haɗe su suka zama kalma ɗaya. Kalmar Shuwa, Babarbariyar kalma ce wadda ke da ma’ana ta kyakkyawa ko kuma mai kyau kamar yadda sarkin Shuwa-Arab na Lagos ya gaya mana. Ita kuwa kalmar Arab, Balarabiya ce, wadda ake rubuta ta ta da عرب a Larabcen kuma ta ke da ma’ana ta Balarabe. A lokacin da su Baggara suka zo yankin Barno Larabawa ne su farare kuma kyawawa. Saboda haka sai “Kanurai suka riƙa ce da mu Shuwa, Arab; wato Larabawa kyawawa, da haka wannan suna ya bi mu…” in ji Sarkin Shuwa Arab na Lagos, Sultan Alhaji Jibril Yahaya.

Asali

Asalin Shuwa Arab Larabawa ne da suka fito daga yankin Larabawa da ke Gabashi. Jenkins (2006), ya bayyana cewa su ‘yan asalin yankin Hijaz ne; wato Makka da Madina kenan waɗanda daga baya aka haɗe su da sauran yankuna suka zama Saudi Arabia ta yau da kuma sauran yankunan da ke gaɓar Jan Teku (Red Sea).

Sun baro waɗancan yankuna suka kwararo zuwa yamma a cikin ƙarni na goma sha biyu zuwa na goma sha uku (1100 – 1200 CE).

Hijirar su kuwa zuwa wasu ɗaiɗaikun ƙasashe takan bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Bethany World Prayer Center (1997), sun ruwaito cewa sun ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Kamaru ne daga Arewacin Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin mahara, makiyaya da kuma cinikin bayi.

Hijirar su zuwa Sudan kuwa ta faro daga Yamma zuwa Gabas inda suka tashi daga yankunan Tafkin Chad, gurin da suka daɗe da zuwa daga Arewaci tun zamani mai tsawo da ya shuɗe. Sun yi fice a cikin cinikin bayi a Kudancin Nubiya. Sun baro garuruwansu da ke Ƙasar Misira (Egypt) a cikin shekarar 1820 lokacin da shugabannin Daular Othman suke gudanar da shugabancin Kudancin Nubia (Sudan). Haramta cinikin bayi da Turawan Ingila suka yi, shi ne sanadiyar barin su ƙasar biyowa bayan bijirewa Turawan da suka yi ba tare da samun nasara ba, Jenkins (2006).

Braukämper (1996), ya bayyana cewa, Baggara Larabawa ne da suka mamayi yanki mai faɗi a yankin Sabana kamawa daga yankin Farin Kogin Nilu har zuwa Gabashin Barno da ke Jamhuriyar Najeriya a yau, mamayar da suka yi ta a cikin ƙarni na goma zuwa ƙarni na goma sha uku.

Kakanin Baggara, wato Shuwa-Arab, Larabawa ne makiyaya raƙuma waɗanda suka fara kwarara zuwa Yankin Garuruwan Baƙaƙe (Bilad-Sudan) ta gaɓar Kogin Nilu a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha huɗu, in ji Braukämper (1996).

Sun ci gaba da kwarara har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na goma sha bakwai inda suka kai har yankuna Sahel, gurin da kiwon raƙuma ya gagare su daga baya suka canja sana’a zuwa kiwon shanu da kuma noma, sana’o’in da suka koya daga Fulani da kuma ƙananan ƙabilun guraren da suke zaune, Braukämper (1996).

Daga abin da ya gudana, mai karatu zai iya fahimtar cewa Shuwa-Arab asalinsu Larabawan Saudi Arabia ne, makiyaya raƙuma waɗanda daga baya suka jirkice zuwa kiwon shanu da kuma noma. Sun baro yankinsu na asali suka kwaroro zuwa yankuna garuruwan baƙaƙe, hijirar da suka yi ta daga farkon ƙarni na goma (Kimanin shekaru dubu ɗaya da ɗari ɗaya da shirin kenan da suka gabata; 900 – 2020) har zuwa farkon ƙarni na goma sha tara (1810) a bisa ruwayar Braukämper, (1996); Jenkins, (2006); Bethany World Prayer Center, (1997).

Guraren Zama
Shuwa-Arab mutane ne da suka fi yawa a ƙasashen Kamaru, Chadi, Sudan da kuma Najeriya, Bethany World Prayer Center (1997), ƙari a kan waɗannan gurare, ana samun su a ƙasashen Nijar da Afirka ta Tsakiya (Central African Republic), kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Jenkins (2006), sai kuma Adeoye (2018), da ya ƙara da cewa ana samun su a Iraƙ da Syria.

A cikin Ƙasar Kamaru ana samunsu a mahaɗar Yammacin Kamaru da ta sada ta da Afirka ta Tsakiya (Central Afirka), a cikin dajin Arewa, kusa da Fort-Foureau; yankin da ya haɗa tsakanin ƙasashen Chadi da Najeriya, abin da yake basu damar kai-komo a tsakanin ƙasashen kodai domin buƙatun yau-da-kullum, ko kuma domin zaman dindindin, (Bethany World Prayer Center, 1997).

A cikin Ƙasar Sudan, ana samun su a Darfur; Kudancin Lardin Kordofan da kuma Arewacin Lardin na Kordofan, Jenkins (2006).

Salon Rayuwa

Shuwa-Arab, asalin su mutane ne masu rayuwa a daji saboda gudanar da sana’ar su ta kiwo. Sukan tashi daga wannan guri zuwa wancan sau biyu a shekara. A ƙasar Kamaru, sukan tashi daga mazauninsu na dindindin zuwa Kudancin Ƙasar inda kogi yake a lokacin rani wanda yawanci yakan faru a cikin watannin Oktoba zuwa Afirilu. Sannan kuma idan ruwan sama ya sauka sai su koma yankin da ke da ciyawa wanda ke Arewacin Ƙasar ta Kamaru.

Yawanci suna rayuwa ne da mata biyu a matsugunnan da ke samar da gari a cikin bukkoki. Mace ɗaya takan zauna a gida sannan kuma ɗayar a tafi da ita gurin kiwo da rani. A al’adance, matan ne ke kafa musu bukkoki da kuma ɗakunan da za su zauna a gida da kuma guraren da suke gudanar da kiwo. Namiji, rumfa kawai yake kafawa wadda za ta bashi damar zama da baƙonsa da kuma lura da dabbobi a lokacin da suke kiwo. Bethany World Prayer Center, (1997) da Pray for the Nation, (2005), duk sun ruwaito wannan salon rayuwa na Shuwa-Arab a shafukansu na Intanet.

Amma Idda da Badejo (Babu Shekara) sun ayyana cewa, rayuwa kala uku suke yi saboda rabuwar su kashi uku; manoma da kuma makiyaya ko kuma waɗanda suka haɗa duka biyu. Makiyaya da manoma su ne mazauna ƙauyuka na dindin da kuma garuruwa na dinin. Waɗanda suka haɗa noma da kiwo kuma su suke irin waccar rayuwa ta tashi-mu-je-mu.

Zamantakewa

Yanayin zamantakewar jama’ar Shuwa-Arab cike take da taimakekeniya. Suna rayuwa a irin salon nan na zuriya mai nisa wadda ake danganta mutum da kakaninsa har kusan kaka na shida. Bisa wannan dalilin ya zama suke da zuriya-zuriya ta zamantakewa waɗanda suke kaiwa ga kafa gari da sunan mutum guda. Jenkins (1996); Wikipedia (2020) sun ruwaito waɗannan dangi-dangi a matsayin zuriyoyin Shuwa-Arab mafiya shahara: Bani Salim, Aulad Hamayd, Habbaniya, Hawazma, Missiriya, Bani Husayn (Zuriyar da fitaccen Malamin Hadisi, Sheikh Sharif Saleh AlHusaniy ya fito daga cikinta), Humr, Bahr al-Arab, Reizegat, Ta`aisha, Beni Helba, Beni Khuzam (Zuriyar da Sarkin Shuwa Arab na Lagos, Sultan Jibril Yahaya ya fito daga cikinta) da kuma Salamat. A tare da haka kuma, sun fito ne daga tushe ɗaya; wato dukkanin su zuriyar Juhaynah ne.

Suna rarraba ayyuka a tsakaninsu domin taimakon juna. Mata, maza, yara, kowa da aikin da ya ratayu a kansa wanda yake gudanarwa domin rayuwa ta tafi daidai. Barin mu shiga taskar Bethany World Prayer Center, (1997); Pray for the Nation, (2005), domin samun abin faɗa.

Maza: Alhakin kiwata shanu da sauran manyan dabbobi da kuma sayar da su da aikin gona domin samar da abincin da iyali za su ci yana kan iyaye maza.

Mata: Nauyin kula da yara da sauran harkokin gida da kuma tatsar nonon saniya da sayar da shi duk ya rataya a kan iyaye mata ƙari a kan gina ɗakunan kwana. Wannan kuɗi da suke samu daga sayar da nono da man shanu da shi suke cefanen gida har ma su samu abin da za su adana.

Yara: Yara maza suna taya iyaye maza aiki kamar kiwon ƙanan dabbobi da suka haɗa da ‘yan maraƙa, awaki, tumaki da sauransu. Haka nan ma sukan je gona noma. Su kuma ‘ya’ya mata suna taya iyaye mata aiki. Kamar irin su kai niƙa gari, sayar da nono a wasu lokutan, zaman jiran gida, sayo kayan haɗin abinci da sauransu.

Addini

Jenkins (1096), ya ruwaito cewa dukkan Shuwa-Arab Musulmi ne masu tsayar da salloli biyar a jam’i. Wasu daga cikin su sukan ziyarci hajji domin ibada. Ya kuma ce ba a san wani mabiyin addinin Kirista ba a cikin Baggara. Joshua Project (2020), sun bayyana cewa tun cikin ƙarni na goma sha uku suka karɓi addinin Musulunci (Wato yau suna da shekaru 820 kenan 1200 – 2020).

Ƙari a kan haka, sun bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen tabbatuwar addinin Musulunci a yankin Afirka kamawa tun daga yaɗa shi har zuwa kare shi daga mahara a duk lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta taso.

Jidda da Badejo (Babu Shekara), sun ruwaito cewa Shuwa-Arab suna da matuƙar tasiri a tsohuwar Daular Kanem Bornu, daular da suka bai wa gagarumar gudunmawa wajen kareta daga harin Fulani, Bulala, Bagirmi da Wadai. Wannan kuma saboda dangataka mai ƙarfi da ke tsakanin su da Kanurai sama da kowace ƙabila da ke yankin.

Jenkins (1996), ya bayyana cewa, Baggara, su ne tushen boren da Musulmi Mahadiyawa (Mahdist Muslim) suka yi wa Mulkin Turawan Ingila da haɗin guiwar Daular Othman (British-Ottoman rule) a ƙasar Sudan. Wikipedia (2020), kuma suka ƙara da cewa su ne ƙashin bayan boren da Mahadiyawa suka yi wa mulkin Turkiya da Misira (Turko-Egypt rule) a shekarun 1880s, tare da cewa, mataimakin shugaban rundunar, Abdullahi ibn Muhammad shi ma Baggara ne da ya fito daga zuriyar Ta’aisha. Jenkins (1996), ya ci gaba da cewa daga baya kuma su suka zama ginshiƙai wajen jagoranci Daular Mahdiyawa bayan rasuwar jagoran Daular wato Mahdi. Ya kuma ci gaba da zayyano gudunmawar da suka bayar wajen kafa sabuwar daula a ƙasar Etofiya (Ethiopia) a shekarar 1887 ta yadda har ta kai su ga samun nasarar kawar da sarkin Etofiya, Yohannes IV a shekarar 1889. Sun mamayi ƙasar Misira a shekarar 1889. Haka nan kuma ya ruwaito cewa sun kutsa ƙasar Iriteriya (Eretria) a cikin shekarar 1893 inda daga bisani Italiyawa suka samu galaba a kansu.

Karatu

Shuwa-Arab suna saka ‘ya’yansu a makaranta, duk da cewa, karatun ‘ya’ya mata yakan tsaya ne daga shekaru shida, kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Bethany World Prayer Center, (1997); Pray for the Nation, (2005). Amma Jidda da Badejo (Babu Shekara) sun siffata su da mutane masu tarin ilimi.

Sutura

Bethany World Prayer Center, (1997), sun ruwaito cewa, suturar Shuwa-Arab ita ke bayyana muhimmancin mutum a cikin jama’a. Maza suna saka doguwar riga ta auduga wadda ake kira da suna boubou. Shugabanni sukan naɗa shuɗi ko farin rawani wanda a nan ma girman rawanin ke bayyana iya girman matsayin wanda ya saka shi. Mazaje sukan rataya adda a kafaɗarsu tare da rataya layu a wuya, jirge a kafaɗa ko kuma guru a ƙugu.

Matan aure suna lulluɓe jikinsu ta hanyar naɗa mayafin da ke tashi daga kafaɗunsu, zuwa gangar jiki har ƙafa sannan ya lulluɓe kansu. Sannan kuma suna saka abin ƙafa, kambu, sarƙa da kuma ‘yan kunnayen da ke ƙara musu kyau.

Fitattun Mutane

A nan Najeriya, ƙabilar Shuwa-Arab suna da fitattun mutane ‘yan ƙasa da suka haɗa da:

Marigayi Janar Mamman Shuwa, wanda ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin rundunonin da suka yi yaƙin basasa.
Alhaji Musa Dagash, sakataren gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya a zamanin mulkin Sir Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa.
Sheikh Jarma wanda ya taɓa zama gwamnan Borno.
Dakta Muhammad Abba Aji wanda ya taɓa zama ɗan Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya.
Kanal Muhammad Yaƙub.
Sheikh Sherfi Saleh Alhusainy, fitaccen masanin hadisi a duniya.
Hajiya Maryam Abacha, matar tsohon shugaban ƙasa marigayi Sani Abacha.
Babajidda, wanda yake jakadancin Najeriya a Cana a yanzu haka.
Girema Muhammad, Babban ɗan kasuwa a Lagos.
Alhaji Ahmad Girema, sarkin Abuja a zamanin mulkin marigayi Sani Abacha.
Sunusi Dagash, tsohon ministan sufuri na Najeriya a zamanin gwamnatin shuagaban ƙasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan.

Manazarta

Adeoye A. (2018). Travails of Nigeria’s minority Arab tribe. Sunday Magazine of The Nation. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: https://thenationonlineng.net/travails-of-nigerias-minority-arab-tribe/

Bethany World Prayer Center, (1997). The Shuwa Arab of Cameroon. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: https://www.prayway.com/unreached/peoplegroups1/1751.html

Braukämper U. (1996). Strategies of Environmental Adaptation and Pattern of Transhumance of the Shuwa Arabs in the Nigerian Chad basin. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43123493?seƙ=1

Holl A.F.C. (2003). Enthnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements. Lexington Books, United State of America. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: www.rowmanlittlefield.com

Jenkins O. B. (2006). The Baggara of Sudan and Chad, Peoples Profile. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: http://strategyleader.org/profiles/baggara.html

Jidda H. J. da Badejo B.R. (Babu Shekara). Ethnicity or Language Loyalty: The case of Shuwa Arabs in Maiduguri. Jami'ar maiduguru. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: https://www.academia.edu/6248879/Ethnicity_or_Language_Loyalty_Thecase _of_Shuwa_Arabs_in_Maiduguri

Joshua Project (2020). Baggara, Shuwa Arab in Nigeria. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14926/NI

Pray for the Nation (2005). Shuwa Arab. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: http://www.prayforthenations.org/Shuwa%20Arab.pdf

Wikipedia (2020). Baggara. An ciro a shekarar 2020 daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggara

Tattaunawa da Sultan Jibril Yahya Ibrahim a Fadarsa da ke Lagos a Ranar Asabar 29/2/2020

Tattaunawa da Alhaji Ahmad Turakin Masarautar Shuwa Arab ta Lagos a Fadar Masarautar da ke Lagos a Ranar Lahdi 1/3/2020 .

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