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Nahawun Turanci


Gabatarwa

Yare, shi ne hanyar sadarwa tsakanin mutane. Dukkan ɗan’adam akan haife shi da dama ta koyar yare. Bin dokoki da ƙa’idojin yare suna samar da kafar fahimtar yare tsakanin mai magana da wanda ake magan da shi. Girama (Grammar) hanya ce ta sanin dokoki da ƙa’idojin yaren Turanci.

Mecece Grammar?

Grammar a Turanci ita ce dokoki da ƙa’idojin da ke jagorantar amfani da yaren Turanci wajen sadarwa. Waɗannan dokoki da ƙa’idoji sun haɗa da kasafta kalmomin Turanci zuwa aji-aji kamar irin su suna, aiki d.s., tsarin jeranta kalmomi a cikin jumla, tsarin gini da zubin jumla, ƙa’idojin rubutu, yanayin sautin kalma da sauran dangoginsu.

Fannin da ke koyarwa da waɗannan dokoki da ƙa’idoji shima ana kiransa ‘Grammar’ a Turanace. Ko kuma muna iya cewa ‘Grammar’ wanni fanni ne na yaren Turanci da ke koyar da ƙa’idoji da dokokin Turanci.

Asalin ‘Grammar’ a Turanci

Masana sun sassaɓa dangane da yaushe ne aka fara ‘Grammar’ a Turanci. Amma abin da ya fi shahara shi ne cewa wani marubuci mai suna ‘Williams Bullokar’ shi ne ya fara rubuta wani ɗanlittafi mai taken ‘Pamphlet for Grammar’ a shekarar 1586 (John, 2013; Noɓgorod State Uniɓersity, 2016; Wikipedia, 2016).


Hoton rubutun "Grammer" na farko wanda Bulloker ya samar

Rassan ‘Grammar’

‘Grammar’ tana da rassa guda huɗu (Eastwood, 1994). Akwai Kalmomi (words), Ibara (phrase), zance (clause), da kuma jumla (sentence).

Kalmomi

An sake karkasasu zuwa rukunai takwas da aka kira ‘parts of speech’, wato sassan magana. Abinda ake nufi a nan shi ne cewa duk wata Kalmar ta Turanci dole ta fito a ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rukunai guda takwas kamar haka:

  1. Suna (noun): Shi ne duk wata kalma da za a yi amfani da ita wajen ambaton mutum, guri, gari, dabba, ko wani abu na daban. Misali, Abubakar, Kano, Littafi, Kwamfuta, Akuya, d.s.
  2. Wakilin suna (pronoun): Shi ne duk wata kalma da za a yi amfani da ita a maimakon suna. Misali, ni (I), kai (you), su (they), d.s.
  3. Aiki (ɓerb): Shi ne dukkan wata kalma da za a yi amfani da ita wajen bayyana wani aiki da ya faru, yake faruwa ko kuma zai faru a nan gaba. Misali, rubutu (write), cooking (girki), cry (kuka), d.s.
  4. Bayani (Adɓerb): Kalma ce da ke bayar da ƙarin bayani dangane da wani aiki da ya faru, yake faruwa ko zai faru a nan gaba. Misali, sauri (fast),
  5. Siffa (Aɓjectiɓe): Kalma ce da ke siffanta wani abu. Misali, ja (red) kamar ka ce ‘jar riga – red shirt’, dogo (tall) kamar ka ce ‘dogon mutum – tall man’, da sauransu.
  6. Konjukshon (Conjuction): Kalma ce da ke jona tsakanin kalmomi, Magana, ko jumloli. Misali, da (and) kamar ka ce ‘Ni da kai – you and I’, ko (or) kamar ka ce ‘Ni ko kai – you or I’, da sauransu.
  7. Kalmomin ta’ajibi ko kuma a ce kalmomin motsin rai (Interjection): Kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna mamaki. Misali, kash! (oh!), kamar ka ce ‘Kash! Kuɗin sun zube – Oh! The money has been lost’.
  8. Bigire (Preposition): Kalma ce da ke bayyana wuri. Misali, ciki (in), kamar ka ce ‘Ruwa a cikin kofi – water in a cup’, a kan/bisa (on), kamar ka ce ‘Littafi a kan/bisa teburi – a book on a table’, da sauransu.

Idan muka lura sosai za mu ga cewa dukkan wata kalma da za a furta to dole ta faɗa a ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ajujuwa.

Ibara (Phrase)

Ibara ita ce jeren kalmomi biyu ko fiye waɗanda basa ɗauke da cikakkiyar Kalmar mai aikata aiki (finite ɓerb). Misali, ‘Wannan maganar ta munana – this is a bad talk’.

Magana (Clause)

Jeren kalmomi da ke ɗauke da aiki da wanda ya aikata aikin. Misali, ‘ya tuƙa motar – he droɓe the car’.

Jumla (Sentence)

Jeren kalmomi da ke bada cikakkiyar ma’ana. Misali, ‘Idi ya iya tuƙa mota – Idi knows how to driɓe the car’, ko kuma ‘Idi ne ya tuƙa motar – It is Idi who droɓe the car’.

Manazarta


Novgorod State University. (2016). On the History of English Grammars. An ciro daga: www.noɓsu.ru/file/1053979

John W. (2013). Pamphlet for Grammar" in 1586. An ciro daga: http://www. lawyerment.com/library/articles/Reference_and_Education/Languages/5995 .htm

Wikipedia (2016). History of English grammars. An ciro daga: https://en.wikip edia.org/wiki/History_of_English_grammars

Eastwood J. (1994). Oɗford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford University Press. Walton Street, Oɗford 0ɗ2 6DP. Oɗford Uniɓersity Press.

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