Shafin Farko

Law


Wannan kalma ta “Law”, tana da fuskoki da yawa. Ga wasu guda biyu daga ciki kamar haka:

  1. Ƙunshin dokokin da aka yarda da su a hukumance, waɗanda yawanci akan same su a cikin kudin tsarin mulki, majalisar dokoki, ra’ayoyin shari’a, da sauransu waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen jan ragamar gwamnati da kuma kiyaye rayuwar jama’a (Walter, 2009). Sally da Micheal (2001) suka ce shi ne dukkan tsarin dokokin da dole kowane mutum ya yi wa biyayya a ƙasa ko al’umma. A wata fuskar kuma ya zo cewa, Law, tsari ne ko jerin dukkan dokoki waɗanda gari, jaha ko ƙasa ta samar (Merriam-Webster,  2015).

    Wato dai a taƙaice a wannan fuska ana iya fassara ‘Law’ a matsayin dokokin ƙasa ko gari ko kuma ƙungiya. Kundin da ke ƙunshe da waɗannan dokoki shi ake kira kundin-tsarin-mulki. Shi kundin-tsarin-mulki kundi ne da ke taskace dukkan abubuwan da ƙasa za ta yi wa ɗanta, abubuwan da ‘yan ƙasa za su yiwa ƙasarsu, dangataka tsakanin mutum da mutum, da sauransu.

  2. Fannin Karatu: Sannan kuma ana iya kallon ‘law’ a matsayin fannin karatun da ke karantar da su waɗancan dokokin. Wannan karatu akan same shi a manyan makarantu musamman jami’o’i da kuma kwalejojin shari’a.

Rabe-Raben Law

Waccar fuska ta farko ta karkasa dokoki zuwa kaso huɗu a dunƙule. Amma ana iya farfasa su a samu wasu ‘ya’ya a cikin wani. Wannan rubutu zai taƙaita ne da gundarin rukunai huɗun kamar haka:

  1. Dokokin Manyan Laifuffuka (Criminal Law): Fanni ne na doka da yake kula da hukunta masu aikata manyan laifuffuka. Laifuffukan da ke ƙarƙashin wannan doka sun haɗa da, kisan kai, fashi da makami, faɗe, ƙetara dokar hanya, sha da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, sata, damfara, duk suna cikin wannan doka. An tsara waɗannan dokoki don kare martabar ƙasa da jama’ar cikinta ɗungurungum. Hukumomi irin su ‘Yan sanda (Police), Jami'an Hana Sha da Fataucin Miyagun Ƙwayoyi ma suna (NDLEA) aNajeriya, Jami'an Fasa Ƙwabri (Customs), Sojoji (Soldiers), Jami'an Shigi-da-Fici (Immigration) da sauransu su ke da alhakin kiyaye waɗannan dokoki. Duk wanda ya saɓa musu yakan fuskanci hukunci kai tsaye.
  2. Dokokin Zamantakewa (Civil Law): Fanni ne na doka da yake kula da laifuffuka da abubuwan da suka shafi zaman lafiyar al’umma. Abubuwa kamar irin su rijistar kamfani, yarjejeniyar kasuwanci, mu’amalar auratayya, da sauransu, duk suna cikin ƙunshin wannan doka. Mutane suna iya sassanta kansu idan saɓani ya faru, ko kuma su sami wani lauya ya sasanta su, ko kuma hukumar ‘yan sanda, ko ma wani mutum mai daraja a cikin mutane.
  3. Dokokin Ƙananan Laifuffuka(Common Law):Dokoki ne da maɓuɓɓugar su ita ce gargajiya da hukunce-hukuncen alƙalai. Laifuffukan da suka shafi tauye haƙƙi da zamantakewa, su ne ƙunshe a wannan fanni. Misali, sakin aure da neman biko, faɗa tsakanin mutum da mutum, matsalar rabon gado, da sauransu.
  4. Dokokin Jahohi da na Tarayya (State and Federal Law): Fanni ne na doka da suka keɓanta da ƙasa ɗaya tilo ko jaha ɗaya tilo. Misali, dokar hana karuwanci ta gwamnatinjahar Kano,wannan doka ta taƙaitu ne da iya jahar Kano kawai, amma da za a je gari kamar Inugu, karuwanci ba laifi ba ne. Wannan kuma ya samo asali ne daga al’adun mutanen gurin.

Amfanin Doka

Doka rayuwa ce baki ɗayanta. Kana ganin zai yiwu mutum ya fito daga gida ya koma lafiya idan ba doka-da-oda? Jama’a kan ɗauki kuɗi su bai wa ƙananan yara su aike su zuwa kanti kuma su je su dawo lafiya. Mutane kan hau ababen hawa masu tsada, su kewaya hankali kwance. Dukkan waɗannan, doka ke samar da su.

Kalli rayuwardabbobia daji, idan kura ta samu nama, da ta kalli damisa sai ta wurgar ta ruga da gudu, jakin dawa idan yana cin irin nasa abincin, da ya ji motsin kura sai ya ruga. Idan kada ya riƙa, yakan dirarwa gada ya kashe ta idan ta je shan ruwa. Rashin doka ya haifar da wannan irin wannan rayuwa ta rashin kariya.

Rashin doka a cikin al’umma babbar masifa ce. Bari mu ɗan fincino wasu daga cikin amfanin doka:

  1. Doka ke kare jama’a daga aikata laifuka: Babban muhimman amfanin da doka take da shi, shi ne tana hana aikata laifi. Sanin cewa idan mai laifi ya aikata laifi za a hukunta shi, shi yake hana wasu aikatawa.
  2. Taimakon Jama’a su Zama Masu ɗa’a: Rashin aikata laifi, yana saka mutum ya zama mai biyayya. Wannan ma yana daga cikin amfanin doka. Haka ne man, idan mutum baya aikata laifi ai ka ga ya zama mutumin kirki. Zamowarsa mutumin kirkin kuma ya ɗamfaru ne da gudun hukuncin da zai rataya a wuyansa idan ya aikata laifi.
  3. Kariya: Doka tana bayar da kariya ga jama’a. Wannan kuwa ta samu saboda halin shari’a na hukunta wanda ya yi zalunci da kuma mayarwa da wanda aka zalunta haƙƙinsa.
  4. Mutuntaka: Doka tana samar da kafar girmama juna a tsakanin jama’a. Na ƙasa ya girmama babba, babba kuma ya tausayawa na ƙasa.
  5. Haɓɓaka Ilimi da Fasaha: Doka tana haɓɓaka ilimi da fasaha. A kwai dokoki da suke kula da haƙƙin mallaka, waɗannan dokoki su suke tsarewa mutum fasaharsa daga sacewa ko kwaikwayo ba tare da yardarsa ba. Wannan kuma yakan kawo haɓakar fasahar ta samu ta girma ko ta ci gaba.

Manazarta:


American Native Indian Policy Centre (2012). The Importance of Law in Our Lives and in the Society. An ciro a shekarar (2016) daga shafin: www.airpi.org

Education Service Australia. (2016). Types of Law. An ciro a shekarar (2016), daga shafin: www.civicandcitezenship.edu.au/

Merriam-Webster. (2015). Simple Meaning of Law. Merriam-Webstar Learner’s Dictionary. An ciro a shekarar (2016). Daga Shafin: www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/law

Pearson Education. (2015). The Importance of Law. An ciro a shekarar (2016), daga shafin: www.pearsoned.co.uk

The Statesman (2012). The Improtance of Laws in Our Society. An ciro a shekarar (2016), daga shafin: www.thestatesmanreport.wordpress.com

Youth Cntral (2016). Other Types of Laws. An ciro a shekarar (2016), daga shafin: www.youthcentral.vic.gov.au

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